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Welcome to Linux Community

Learn about the origins of GNU/Linux, its development under the GNU General Public License, its evolution from UNIX to Linux, key distributions, open-source software, applications, and potential uses in this comprehensive guide.

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Welcome to Linux Community

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  1. Welcome to Linux Community

  2. What is GNU/Linux? A free Unix-type operating system developed under the GNU General Public License. • Open source • Popular • Support most of the platforms available

  3. A Short History of UNIX • Multics, AT&T Bell Lab, GE, MIT • 1969, UNIX, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie • 1973, Rewrite UNIX with C • Berkeley UNIX(BSD UNIX) • Commercial products • SunOS, Solaris, HP-UX, AIX, SCO UNIX

  4. A Short History of Linux

  5. A Short History of Linux(2)

  6. Brief History of GNU/Linux • 1985 Free Software Foundation (FSF) founded by Richard Stallman. Along with other programmers creates the tools needed to make a UNIX compatible OS • 1985 Professor Andy Tannenbaum creates a UNIX like operating system based on System V Unix for the IBM PC & PC/AT computers. It is called Minix. • 1989 Richard Stallman releases GPL and GNU software but lacks a free kernel. • 1991 Building on the concepts in Minix, Linus Torvalds (Finnish college student) develops Linux along with help from other users on the web. Linux Overview 6

  7. Is Linux difficult ? This may be true. But the real question is: do you really want to learn it?

  8. What Linux is • Strictly speaking Linux refers to the kernel • GNU/Linux more accurately describes the Operating System. Linux Kernel combined with GNU utilities and libraries • Distribution – GNU/Linux bundled with other applications. Examples Red Hat Linux, Debian, Ubuntu, Suse, Knoppix, etc. • Distributions can be compiled and maintained by an individual or corporation. Can be small (single floppy disk) or span several CD/DVDs. Linux Overview 8

  9. Open Source Software • Open Source Software (OSS) generally refers to software for which the source code is available and which the licensing scheme permits the user to modify it and redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. GNU copyleft1 • Nobody should be restricted by the software they use. There are four freedoms that every user should have: • the freedom to use the software for any purpose, • the freedom to change the software to suit your needs, • the freedom to share the software with your friends and neighbors, and • the freedom to share the changes you make. • When a program offers users all of these freedoms, we call it free software. 1 www.gnu.org Linux Overview 9

  10. Linux Distributions • Red Hat (Enterprise) Linux is probably the largest commercial Linux vendor. Focus on stability and long term support. Red Hat sponsors a community version (Fedora) which undergoes a more rapid development cycle. • KNOPPIX – The first Live CD version. The OS can be booted from, and run completely off the CD. KNOPPIX is based on Debian Linux. Many vendors now offer Live versions. No installation necessary. • Ubuntu based on Debian Linux. Ubuntu claims to be most popular desktop version. Many applications and excellent “update mechanism” contribute to its sucess. Revenue is created by selling technical support. • Puppy – This distribution is small enough to be loaded entirely in RAM. This frees up the CD/DVD drive for other uses. Configuration can be saved to a file between reboots. • Recovery Is Possible (RIP) good for data recovery of corrupted media or backup. Tools such as ddrescue allows copying media sector by sector. Can repair NTFS or FAT partitions. Linux Overview 10

  11. Applications • Samba is a free implementation of the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol used by Microsoft Windows network file system. Allows sharing files, print services, and can even act as a domain controller. • Apache is the most popular HTTP server software on the internet. • Rsync allows synchronizing directories/files locally or across a network. Suited for low bandwidth as only changes get propagated across network. Linux Overview 11

  12. Other Open Source Software • The GIMP - Adobe Photoshop clone • Open Office - Office suite • Mozilla Firefox - Web browser • Mozilla - Thunderbird E-mail Client • VLC - Media player • Audacity - Digital audio editor • MySQL – Database • Ghostscript - Postscript interpreter Linux Overview 12

  13. Possible Uses • Various tools permit user to recover data, repair/modify partitions, backup and clone various types of media. “DD type” tools allow copying a storage device by blocks/sectors. This allows duplicating a device without “knowing the filesystem”. • Linux can natively communicate with DECNET protocol. This allows a Linux PC to act as an End Node in a VMS cluster. Other DECNET tools allow additional inter-connectivity between the two OSs. • With Samba and Ghostscript a Linux PC can be a Windows PDF print server. Giving individuals the ability to create PDF files without buying Adobe Acrobat or installing additional applications on each computer. Linux Overview 13

  14. Who uses it • NSA created Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) to develop better allow the control of dynamic security policies. The architecture they created has been mainstreamed into Linux and ported to other operating systems including Solaris, and Free BSD. • IBM, HP, and Sun contribute heavily to Linux and OSS • Even Microsoft’s position on OSS has softened and they are now contributing code to various projects. Linux Overview 14

  15. Misc Information • The Linux Documentation Project provide HOWTOs and Guides to accomplish many Linux specific tasks. • Linux runs on a wide range of processors from embedded devices such as cell phones to supercomputers employing Linux clusters. One estimate from Forbes.com estimates that 60% of the worlds top 500 computers runs Linux. • The availability of the OS source code allows it to be customized and tailored to users needs. Linux Overview 15

  16. Web sites for more info and software • Sourceforge.net • Freshmeat.net • Distrowatch.com • Kambing.ui.ac.id • www.linux.org • Tldp.org The Linux Documentation Project Linux Overview 16

  17. What are the benefits of Linux? Linux can give you: • A modern, very stable, multi-user, multitasking environment. • Advanced graphical user interface. Linux uses a standard, network-transparent X-windowing system with a "window manager" (typically KDE or GNOME but several are available). • The graphical desktop under Linux can be made to look like MS Windows (or probably ANY other graphical user interface of your choice).

  18. Dozens of excellent, free, general-interest desktop applications. These include a range of web browsers, email programs, word processors, spreadsheets, bitmap and vector graphics editing programs, file managers, audio players, CD writers, some good games, typing tutor, etc. Freedom from viruses. Linux has no viruses because it is too secure an operating system for the viruses to spread with any degree of efficiency.

  19. Linux is quite positively here-to-stay because of its open-source nature (Linux cannot possibly be put out-of-business). It is a standard selected for countless projects that are not going to go away, and some of them are quite "mission-critical." Try the International Space Station, for which Linux is the operating system (http://www2.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue59/3024.html).

  20. In a nutshell, the GNU General Public Licence (GPL) allows anybody to: • use the software at no charge, without any limitations, • copy, and distribute or sell unmodified copies of the software in the source or binary form, • use the software with propriatory (e.g., your own) modifications, free of charge, as long as you do not distribute or sell the modified version, • modify, and distribute or sell a modified version of the software as long as the source code is included and licenced on the same terms as the original you received (the GPL), • sell support for the software, without any limitations.

  21. What the GPL license *does not* allow code recipients to do is to take somebody elses software licenced under GPL, modify the software, and then distrubute a this modified version of the software under a propriatory licence. Speaking plainly, the GPL licence just forbids stealing existing (somebody else's) software for incorporation into a closed, commercial-only product.

  22. I need warranty and security. With commercial software, I can sue if things go wrong. Things go wrong on many MS Windows NT machines every day, and there are no damages awarded by courts. Read your MS Windows license agreement to find out that there is no guarantee whatsoever that ANYTHING will work. Trying to sue would be a waste of your money.

  23. Linux Distros • A Linux distribution, often simply distribution or distro, is a member of the Linux family of Unix-like computer operating systems. • Distros mainly based on ‘Look and Feel’ and Applications Distros: • Red Hat Fedora, Debain, SuSe,Ubuntu, Gentoo,……..

  24. File System • Windows uses letters of the alphabet to represent different devices and different hard disk partitions. Under Windows, you need to know what volume (C:, D:,...) a file resides on to select it, the file's physical location is part of it's name. • In Linux all directories are attached to the root directory, which is identified by a forward-slash, "/". - root. • For example, below are some second-level directories:

  25. /bin System binaries, including the command shell • /boot Boot-up routines • /dev Device files for all your peripherals • /etc System configuration files • /home User directories • /lib Shared libraries and modules • /lost+found Lost-cluster files, recovered from a disk-check • /mnt Mounted file-systems • /opt Optional software • /proc Kernel-processes pseudo file-system • /root Administrator’s home directory • /sbin System administration binaries • /usr User-oriented software • /var Various other files: mail, spooling and logging

  26. Linux Help • man • info • command –help • Forums.

  27. man command • The “-k” option • man –k print • Manual pages are divided in 8 sections: • User commands • System calls • Libc calls • Devices • File formats and protocols • Games • Conventions, macro packages and so forth • System administation • To select correct section, add section number: • man 1 passwd, man 5 passwd

  28. info command • A program for reading documentation, sometimes a replacement for manual pages • Example : info ls

  29. Links :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxDownload Source Code from: http://www.kernel.orgBooks: Unix User Guide – Rebecca Thomas Your UNIX: The Ultimate Guide-Sumitabha Das

  30. Thank you

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