English Words from Latin, Greek, and Anglo-Saxon

1. English Words from Latin, Greek, and Anglo-Saxon Increase spelling, vocabulary, and reading comprehension Adapted from Susan Ebbers Susan Ebbers 2005

2. Basic Terms root form: inspector, thermal base word: unlikely prefix: re-, un-, dis- suffix: -able, -ive, -ly derivation-a word formed from an existing word, root, or affix: electric, electricity }affixes Susan Ebbers 2005

3. Three Periods of the English Language • Old English ~A.D. 450-1100 • Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian, (some) Latin • Middle English ~A.D. 1100-1500 • French-Norman, Latin, Greek • Modern English ~A.D. 1500-present • Greek, Latin, Adopted English Susan Ebbers 2005

4. wh-what, sh-ship, th-thumb, ch-church, ng-king, nk-thank vowel teams: teeth, footr-controlled: farm, star, storm, shirt compound words: mankind, blackbird common words: love, child, house, heart(often one syllable) prepositions, articles, conjunctions: with, to, for, and, the, but… words with silent letters: knee, night, comb, wrinkle, could, thought Anglo-Saxon: Indo-European Origins Susan Ebbers 2005

5. Basic Old English Words Down-to-earth and true-blue, the first learned and the last forgotten. We work and eat and laugh and weep, Sing and play and rise and sleep, Hope and pray with all our might, Shun the wrong and love the right. Susan Ebbers 2005

6. Latin: Some CommonRoots Susan Ebbers 2005

7. 20 Most Frequent Prefixes in School Texts Susan Ebbers 2005

8. Prefixes: Meaning and Connotation Susan Ebbers 2005

9. Derivational Suffixes Derivational suffixes change the part of speech • words ending with –tion are often nouns • words ending with –ive are often adjectives • words ending with –ish are often adjectives • words ending with –ity are often nouns What about -ment, -ous, -ness? Susan Ebbers 2005

10. Cognates Connect English and Spanish through Latin Origins Romance Languages (e.g., Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, etc.) share the same Latin roots Morta: Roman goddess of death Example: The Latin root for the word death is mort. The French spell it morte and the Spanish, muerte. In English, we have a whole network of related words: mortal, immortal, mortality, mortician, mortuary, postmortem, etc. Ebbers, 2004 Susan Ebbers 2005

11. Greek Combining Forms Susan Ebbers 2005

12. Counting in Greek and Latin Susan Ebbers 2005

13. Developing content-specific, academic vocabulary depends on a basic understanding of Greek and Latin Sixty percent of the words in English texts are of Latin and Greek origin Bear et al., 1996; Henry, 1997 Susan Ebbers 2005

14. Content-Specific Greek Terms Anatomy and Medical Terms esophagus, thyroid, diagnosis, psoriasis, dyslexia Studies and Sciences biology, seismology, morphology, geochronometry Animals and Plants arachnid, amphibian, chlorophyll, dinosaur, nectar Theatre and the Arts charisma, drama, chorus, muse, symphony, acoustics Susan Ebbers 2005

15. grammar school grammar books rules of grammar grammatical grammatically ungrammatical ungrammatically grammatology photograph polygraph mimeograph phonograph telegraph paragraph gram, graph to write, written Greek photographer cartographer geographer cryptographer autobiographer xylographer paleographer biographer grammar graph telegram mammogram histogram anagram cryptogram monogram electrocardiogram graphite grapheme graphologist graphic graphically gram Susan Ebbers 2005

16. Look Inside—Look Outside pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis • Look inside the word for known word parts: prefixes, roots or combining forms, suffixes. • Use the analogy strategy—“I don’t know this word, but I know pneumonia and I know volcano, so by analogy, this word might have something to do with lungs and heat.” • Look outside the word at context clues, visuals The coal miners, coughing and wheezing, suffered from pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. Susan Ebbers 2005

17. SO MANY SYNONYMS ANGLO-SAXON, FRENCH, LATIN, and GREEK See also Bryson, 1990; Lederer, 1991; King, 2000 Susan Ebbers 2005

18. ENGLISH: A RICH VOCABULARY SO MANY SHADES OF MEANING Susan Ebbers 2005