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Chapter 22: Climate and Climate Change

What is Climate?. Chapter 22: Climate and Climate Change. What is Climate?. Climate is the long-term state of Earth’s atmosphere. Chapter 21: Climate and Climate Change. What are the two main characteristics of an area’s climate?. Climate Characteristics.

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Chapter 22: Climate and Climate Change

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  1. What is Climate? Chapter 22: Climate and Climate Change

  2. What is Climate? Climate is the long-term state of Earth’s atmosphere. Chapter 21: Climate and Climate Change

  3. What are the two main characteristics of an area’s climate? Climate Characteristics

  4. The two main characteristics of an area’s climate are temperature and precipitation. Climate Characteristics

  5. What are three other characteristics of an area’s climate? Climate Characteristics

  6. Number of days and hours of sunlight • Direction, speed, and steadiness of the wind • Occurrence of severe weather conditions Climate Characteristics

  7. Controls on Climate

  8. Controls on Climate

  9. Controls on Climate

  10. Controls on Climate

  11. Controls on Climate

  12. Controls on Climate

  13. Controls on Climate

  14. Controls on Climate

  15. What are the major climate controls here in La Cañada?

  16. Controls on Climate in La Cañada

  17. What is El Niño? Warm ocean water makes its way across the Pacific Ocean and reaches our coast around Christmas time. This produces more rainfall in La Cañada.

  18. Climate Zones around the World

  19. Climate Zones around the World

  20. Climate Zones around the World

  21. Climate Zones around the World

  22. Climate Zones around the World

  23. Climate Zones around the World

  24. Climate Change Earth’s Climate Over the Past 400,000 years

  25. Climate Change How does Earth’s energy budget affect climate?

  26. Causes of Climate Change Earth’s Motions and Milankovitch Cycles: Eccentricity The shape of Earth’s orbit changes with a period of 100,000 years.

  27. Causes of Climate Change Earth’s Motions and Milankovitch Cycles: Axial Tilt The tilt of Earth’s axis goes between 22.1 and 24.5 every 41,000 years. The tilt right now is 23.5.

  28. Causes of Climate Change Earth’s Motions and Milankovitch Cycles: Precession (Wobble) You can think of the Earth as a top that wobbles back and forth. Earth’s axis wobbles with a period of 23,000 years.

  29. Causes of Climate Change Plate Tectonics Large landmasses near the poles cause temperature differences between the poles and the equator to increase. This usually contributes to global cooling because glaciers on land reflect light. Global warming occurs when there are no large landmasses near the poles.

  30. Causes of Climate Change Sunspot Cycles: Sunspot cycles occur on 11 year cycles.

  31. Causes of Climate Change Sunspot Cycles: More sunspots on the face of the sun means that the sun gives off more energy. This translates to global warming. Fewer sunspots means that the sun gives off less energy. This translates to global cooling and the Maunder Minimum.

  32. Causes of Climate Change Sunspot Cycles: Sunspot cycles occur on 11 year cycles.

  33. Causes of Climate Change Sunspot Cycles: Sunspot number prediction through the year 2015.

  34. Causes of Climate Change Volcanic Eruptions: Dust and sulfur dioxide gas are sent into the stratosphere when volcanoes erupt. Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric acid droplets that remain suspended in the stratosphere for many years. This reflects sunlight and causes global cooling.

  35. Causes of Climate Change Volcanic Eruptions: Very large volcanic eruptions can cause large amounts of carbon dioxide to be ejected into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, as you know, is a greenhouse gas. This can cause global warming. Go here for an LA Times story about volcanic eruptions that caused warming.

  36. Causes of Climate Change Human Effects: We spoke of these during our viewing of Inconvenient Truth.

  37. Causes of Climate Change Human Effects: Mr. Gore spoke of the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and global temperatures.

  38. Causes of Climate Change Human Effects: Mr. Gore spoke of the effects of human-induced global warming, such as sea level rise.

  39. Causes of Climate Change Human Effects: The effects of human-induced global warming, such as species extinction

  40. Causes of Climate Change Human Effects: Mr. Gore spoke of the effects of human-induced global warming, such as storm intensities.

  41. Methods for Measuring Climate Change Sea floor Sediments: Scientists can use the ratio of Heavy Oxygen 18 to Lighter Oxygen 16 to tell what climate was like in the past. More Oxygen 18 in sea floor sediments means that more glaciers existed when the shells in the sediments formed.

  42. Methods for Measuring Climate Change Glacier Ice Core Samples: Bubbles of ancient air in samples can be analyzed for carbon dioxide content. Snow that fell on a glacier during a warm period has more heavy Oxygen 18.

  43. Methods for Measuring Climate Change Tree Growth Rings: Scientists can study a tree’s growth rings to determine past climate. Thicker growth rings signify a wetter, cooler period. Thinner growth rings signify a dryer, warmer period.

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