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Primates in Research

Primates in Research. Timo Nevalainen University of Eastern Finland. MONKEY AROUND ??. Definition of Primates. Large group of about 200 species Definition necessitates the use of complicated technical terms, such as: Opposite grip in either hands of feet or both Testes in scrotum

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Primates in Research

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  1. Primates in Research TimoNevalainen University of Eastern Finland

  2. MONKEY AROUND ??

  3. Definition of Primates • Large group of about 200 species • Definition necessitates the use of complicated technical terms, such as: • Opposite grip in either hands of feet or both • Testes in scrotum • Two mammary glands • Closed orbital circle

  4. Taxonomy

  5. Prosimii • Primitive primates • Questionable whether primates at all • Look like squirrel or fox • Many are considered endangered

  6. Prosimii • Tree shrew (Tupaia glis) • Native of Far East • Size and looks like a rat • Daylight animal • Gestation 45-50 days • Two pups born • Difficult to house in laboratory

  7. Other Prosimii Species • Galago senegalensis (Bushbaby) • Looks of a squirrel • Occasional research use • Loris tardigratus • Nocturnal - huge eyes

  8. New World Monkeys (Ceboidea) • Wide and low nose • 36 teeth • Some have prehensile tail

  9. New World Monkeys (Ceboidea) • Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) • Considered pest animal in South America • Most common NWM in research • About 800 g

  10. New World Monkeys (Ceboidea) • Owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) • Weighs less than a kilo • Nocturnal - large eyes • Requires high temp and humidity

  11. New World Monkeys (Ceboidea) • Common marmoset (Callitrix jacchus) • About half a kilo • Only species among primates proper with twins • First primate commonly raised in laboratory

  12. New World Monkeys (Ceboidea) • Spider monkey (Ateles) • Larger than previous sp. (7-15 kg) • Prehensile tail • Bumpy abdomen, spidery hands and feet

  13. Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea • Narrow nose • 32 teeth • Often cheek pouches • If there´s a tail, it´s never prehensile

  14. Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea • Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvana) • Only monkey species native to Europe • Presence of the British Commonwealth and the species on the rocks of Gibraltar

  15. Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea • Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) • Standard monkey of the Pharmacopeias • Monkey crisis • Most widely used OWM • Discovery of the rhesus-factor

  16. Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea • Stumptail (Macaca arctoides or speciosa) • Calm and friendly • Weight 5-15 kg • Difficult to get

  17. Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea • Irus macaque (Macaca irus) • Substitute for Rhesus and stumptail • Rough character • Same size as previous two

  18. Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea • African green (Cercopithecus ethiops) • Smaller than macaques • Kidney donor • Marburg disease

  19. Old World MonkeysCercopithecoidea • Baboons (Papio sp.) • Rarely used in research • Remember Christian Barnard ? • Large and strong; handling difficult

  20. Apes (Hominoidea) • Orangutang

  21. Apes (Hominoidea) • Gibbon • Gorilla • Chimpanzee

  22. Apes (Hominoidea) • Did we forget one of the hominoids ? • An important species ? • Humans • Look around

  23. Primate Diseases • Tuberculosis • Draining lymph nodes • Tuberculin testing • Tissue changes • Method of tb testing in monkeys

  24. Primate Diseases • Herpes B • Nodules on lips or mouth • Fatal for humans • Human herpes • The other way around to Herpes B

  25. Primate Diseases • Herpes T • Fatal in owl monkey • Mucosal changes in tamarins

  26. Primate Diseases • Pox virus diseases for most species • Monkey pox • Small box • Ecromelia in mice • Vaccination with vaccinia-virus

  27. Primate Biology and Housing • Sex skin • Follows the estrus/menstrual cycle • Gestation • Species dependent 120 days (tamarins) 270 days (orang) • Number of offsprings • Single, except marmosets

  28. Primate Biology and Care • Primates require external source of vitamin C. • New World Monkeys cannot utilize vitamin D2

  29. Primate Biology and Care • Cages • Special design with squeeze-back • Gang cages • Prone for fighting & beating each other • Enrichment • Handling • Protective measures and handling techniques

  30. Research Techniques • Gastric tubing • Via nose • IM-injection • Much like humans • Squeeze-back used to immobilize them • IV-injection • Superficial veins on antebrachium • Blood samples • Femoral triangle CDt

  31. Research Use Research community waits for vaccine or therapeutic drug for AIDS • Need for monkeys ? • New Directive • Are F2 animals required?

  32. Working Safely with Nonhuman Primates http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/TrainingVideos.htm#primate

  33. Pop Quiz • Which animals, other than primates, require external source of vitamin C ? • Which group of primates has prehensile tail ?

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