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Carbon sequestration due to the abandonment of croplands in former USSR since 1990

Carbon sequestration due to the abandonment of croplands in former USSR since 1990. EU Side event on: Vulnerability of Carbon in Managed Lands United Nations Climate Change Conference 9 November 2006, Nairobi.

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Carbon sequestration due to the abandonment of croplands in former USSR since 1990

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  1. Carbon sequestration due to the abandonment of croplands in former USSR since 1990 EU Side event on: Vulnerability of Carbon in Managed Lands United Nations Climate Change Conference 9 November 2006, Nairobi Luca BELELLI MARCHESINI (1),Nicolas VUICHARD (1), Irina KURGANOVA (2),andRiccardo VALENTINI (1) University of Tuscia – Viterbo (Italy) Inst. of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science – Pushchin (Russia)

  2. Outline: • C sequestration in steppe region of Hakasia (TCOS-Siberia project) • C sequestration potential of abandoned croplands of Russian Federation • Outlook to ex USSR • Implications with art. 3.4 of Kyoto Protocol Photo:G.Petrusov, 1935- harvest

  3. Funded by the European Commission DG Research 5th Framework Programme (EVK2-CT-2001-00131) • The principle objective of the project was the implementation of the first components of a continental scale observing system to help determine the net carbon balance of Siberia and its variation from year to year. • The experimental activities consisited of: • continuous surface flux measurements in key ecosystems at 4 locations • regular vertical profile measurements from aircraft in the lower troposphere at 6 locations • Surface and atmospheric observations were then combined to provide the basis of a continental scale meteorological and biogeochemical-modeling framework. • Research activities of UNITUS: CO2 and energy flux measurements in steppe ecosystems

  4. forest - steppe steppe semi - desert Eurasiatic steppes have an extension of 8·106 km2, of which 65 - 70% are currently under agricultural use. (I.M. Gadghiev, A.Yu.,Korolyuk, A.A., Tytlyanova et al., 2002); therfore 2.4 ÷ 2.8 ·106 km2 are covered with grassland ecosystems, still poorly studied in terms of carbon exchanges. (Vegetations zones of the FSU by Kumaev, in Houghton et al., 2001)

  5. (IIASA, Land Resources of Russia) (Houghton and Hackler, 2001)

  6. + Meteorological controls ++ Land-use history + Meteorological controls ++ Management (harvest, tillage) Climaxic ecosystem grassland agriculture recovering grassland time • Soil carbon changes are impacted by + Meteorological controls Soil carbon Meta analysis on the effect of land use change on soil carbon stocks (Guo, Gifford, GCB, 2002)

  7. micrometeorological stations HAK 3 СОЛЁНООЗЁРНОЕ ШИРА Hakasia – region of Shira

  8. Study area: flux measurements sites and ecological succession Cultivated stage Stage of weeds 1-2(3) y. Stage of rhizome grasses 3-5(6) y. Stage of bunch-grasses 6-11(12) y. Stage of dense tussocks or virgin vegetation from 12(15) y. Secondary ecological succession(Cherepnin,1953) Hak 1: natural tussock-graminoid steppe. Predominance of perennial grassess Dominant species: Stipa krylovii L., Festuca pseudovina, Thymus serpyllum L. Excluded from grazing since 2002 Hak 2: abandoned field hosting the early successional stage of the recovering grassland. Dominant species: Artemisia scoparia Waldst., A. sieversiana Willd., A.jacutica Drob. Cultivated during 40 years since 1958 and abandoned in 1998 Hak 3: abandoned field hosting intermidiate stage of recovering grassland. Mostly composed of rhyzome grasses (Elytrigia repens L.) Abandoned in 1994

  9. Study area: land use natural steppe former cropfield (last year of cultivation) A – grazed until 2001 B – grazed, shallow bedrock C – grazed until 1993 98 95 C Use of agricultural areas in Solionoziornoe collective farm (8500 ha) HAK 3 A 93 B 46% of the arable land was abandoned since 1993

  10. Study area: carbon stocks a b C a b C a b C Aboveground Total biomass Belowground Soil carbon stock Biomass and soil sampling survey August 2004 (after AG biomass peak) Soil C,N analysis: courtesy of H.Santruchkova

  11. Eddy covariance technique Sonic anemometer (u,v,w,T) Infra red gas analyzer (ρCO2, ρH2O) PPFD total,diffused Net radiation T air RH air Rain Atmospheric pressure T soil (-5,-10cm) Soil moisture (o-30cm) Soil heat flux

  12. Field campaigns

  13. ? • Abandoned croplands act as a carbon sink • The magnitude of the carbon sequestration capacity decreases along with time after cropland abandonement and keeps sustained also at the stage of steppe

  14. Photo: A.Shaikhet, 1931-kolkhoz field 1990-2003 -9.43 M ha FAO STAT database (up to 2003) Scenario A: no additional abandonement after 2003 Scenario B: linear increase Scenario C: logistic increase

  15. Build up of soil carbon stock in former croplands recovering to grassland

  16. R = 0.68649847 Rsqr = 0.47128015 Adj Rsqr = 0.33910018 Standard Error of Estimate = 6.9807 Coefficient Std. Error t P a 26.9650 5.1591 5.2267 0.0008 b -2.8618 2.3347 -1.2258 0.2551 x0 13.2488 2.7395 4.8363 0.0013

  17. Average carbon balance (NEP=NPP-Rh) in arable soils: 0.14±0.2 tC ha-1 yr-1

  18. a b c A: field encroachment B: intermidiate stages of ecological succession C: steppe vegetation

  19. SCENARIO A Russian Federation Cumulated carbon sequestration (1990-2012):153.90 Mt C=564.32 MtCO2

  20. SCENARIO C Russian Federation Cumulated carbon sequestration potential (1990-2012): 158.41 Mt C= 580.85 MtCO2

  21. SCENARIO B Russian Federation Cumulated carbon sequestration potential (1990-2012):167.73 Mt C= 615.01 MtCO2

  22. Arable and permanent crops (1990-2003): -22.82 M ha

  23. SCENARIO A ex-USSR Cumulated C sequestration potential (1990-2012): 378.04 Mt C= 1386.15 MtCO2

  24. SCENARIO C ex-USSR Cumulated C sequestration potential (1990-2012): 389.35 Mt C= 1427.62 MtCO2

  25. SCENARIO B ex-USSR Cumulated C sequestration potential (1990-2012): 411.47 Mt C= 1508.74 MtCO2

  26. Article 3.4 additional activities • A Party included in Annex I may choose to account for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from any or all of the following human induced activities, other than afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, under Article 3.4 in the first commitment period: • revegetation • forest management • cropland management • grazing land management.

  27. Definitions, modalities, rules and guidelines relating to land use, land-use change and forestry activities under the Kyoto Protocol (g) “Cropland management” is the system of practices on land on which agricultural crops are grown and on land that is set aside or temporarily not being used for crop production (h) “Grazing land management” is the system of practices on land used for livestock production aimed at manipulating the amount and type of vegetation and livestock produced.

  28. For the first commitment period accountable anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from cropland management, grazing land management and revegetation under Article 3.4 = Σ(2008-2012) anthropogenic GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks - anthropogenic GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from eligible activities in the base year of that Party 5 x while avoiding double accounting!.

  29. Areas of land use categories considered by art 3.4 2008-2012 1990 Cropland management Grazing land management

  30. Area of permanent pastures (1990-2003) Russian Federation Source:FAO STAT

  31. Cropland management – Russian Federation Grazing land management – Russian Federation

  32. Russian Federation Ex USSR *accounting only for CO2

  33. Thank you for your attention!

  34. Assessment of a regional estimate Agricultural practices Vegetation map Gridded climate/soil forcing Generic Crop Model LUE growth Biomass allocation and yield Water and Nitrogen balance No soil C balance scale : field / seasonal cycle wheat maize soybean Irrigation LAI Nitrogen stress index Vegetation height • By using Orchidee-Stics mechanistic model Krinner et al. (2005) Brisson et al. (2002) Terrestrial Biosphere Model Natural ecosystem functioning + disturbances scale : local => regional => global 1 year => 1000 years

  35. 80% of the abandoned croplands are located between 20°-40°E and 40°-60°N grassland agriculture recovering grassland • Simple land-use change scenario • Region of interest time 1951 1991 2000 Abandoned cropland areas from 1990 to 2000 (Hurtt et al., 2006)

  36. Model improvements for steppes • On the Hak1 site (54.5°N 90°E) • Modification of photosynthetic parameters values • Changes in the allocation scheme LAI data retrieved from FAPAR product (JRC-ISPRA) Flux data from Belelli et al. (submitted)

  37. Hypothesis / Simplification • Fertilization • C export management from croplands • Harvest = grains + straw • > We export all the harvested biomass out of the field • Tillage -> few information on intensity • > We assume that tillage induces a 30% decrease of the time of residence of the soil carbon • statistics from USDA (1965-1985 on arable land of former USSR)

  38. *Climatic records 1990-2000

  39. Thank you for your attention!

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