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Fungi

Fungi. Chapter 20. Fungi. Bread mold Puffballs Mushrooms Rust Ringworm. Structure of Fungi. Most are multicellular Structural units – hyphae Thread-like filaments Develop from fungal spores Branch to form a network called mycelium Cell walls contain chitin. Hyphae.

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Fungi

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  1. Fungi Chapter 20

  2. Fungi • Bread mold • Puffballs • Mushrooms • Rust • Ringworm

  3. Structure of Fungi • Most are multicellular • Structural units – hyphae • Thread-like filaments • Develop from fungal spores • Branch to form a network called mycelium • Cell walls contain chitin

  4. Hyphae • Some have cell walls • Some do not • Divisions are called septa

  5. Decomposers • Fungi can spoil food and cause disease • Important in decomposing organic material • Leaves, animal carcasses and other organic material is recycled

  6. Obtaining Food • Cannot produce their own food • Heterotrophs • Extracellular digestion • Hyphae grow into cells • Hyphae release digestive enzymes • Small molecules are able to diffuse into the fungi

  7. Food Sources • Saprophytes – decomposers • Mutualist – live in symbiosis • Such as algae • Parasite • Absorb food from living host • Produce haustoria which penetrate host cells

  8. Reproduction • Asexually • Fragmentation – pieces fall off • Budding – mitosis • Spores • Sexually

  9. Spores • Most fungi produce spores • Spore produces a thread-like hypha and a new mycelium is established • Some produce sporangium • Specialized spore containing hyphae

  10. Advantages of Spores • Sporangia protect spores • Prevent them from drying out • Produce large numbers of spores • Puffballs • Small and lightweight

  11. Diversity of Fungi • Zygomycotes • Ascomycotes • Basidiomycotes • Eeuteromycotes • Mycorrhizae and Lichens

  12. Zygomycotes • Bread mold – Rhizopusstolonifer • Decomposers • Hyphae do not have septa • Stolons grow horizontally along the surface • Rhizoids anchor the mycelium

  13. Producing Zygospores • If conditions are bad – sexual reproduction • Plus and minus haploid gametangia form • Gametangia fuse • Haploid nuclei fuse to create a zygote • Become as zygospore with a thick covering • Waits till conditions are better to germinate

  14. Zygomycota Life Cycle

  15. Ascomycotes • Largest division • Sac fungi • Produce ascus • Sacs in which the sexual spores or ascospores develop • Asexual reproduction • Hyphae grow up to form conidiophores • Conidia (asexual spores) develop • Yeast

  16. Ascomycota Life Cycle

  17. Basidiomycotes • Most familiar – mushrooms, puffballs, etc. • Club-shaped basidia that produce spores • Complicated life cycle

  18. Basidiomycota Life cycle

  19. Deuteromycotes • No known sexual life cycle • Make penicillin • Used to make soy sauce and blue-veined cheese

  20. Mycorrhizae • Mutualistic • Fungus lives with a plant • Hyphae surround and grow into the plant’s root • Plant gets more surface area and trace elements • Fungus gets nutrients • 80 - 90% of plant species have mycorrhizae

  21. Lichens • Orange, green, black blotches on rocks • Mutualistic • Fungus and algae or cyanobacterium • Need only light, air, and minerals • Grow slowly • Pioneer species • Environmental indicators

  22. Lichen Anatomy

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