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bIOCHEMISTRY

bIOCHEMISTRY. The Chemical Composition of Living Things. COMPOUNDS in LIVING THINGS. Four main elements that make up 96% of the human body: Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen. Inorganic Cmpds : Do NOT contain C Exception to rule CO 2 Examples: Water Minerals Metals Sand Rock.

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bIOCHEMISTRY

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  1. bIOCHEMISTRY The Chemical Composition of Living Things

  2. COMPOUNDS in LIVING THINGS • Four main elements that make up 96% of the human body: • Carbon • Nitrogen • Oxygen • Hydrogen • Inorganic Cmpds: • Do NOT contain C • Exception to rule • CO2 • Examples: • Water • Minerals • Metals • Sand • Rock

  3. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Carbon molecules • Importance of Carbon • Forms 4 strong stable covalent bonds • Form single, double & triple bonds • Examples: • Carbohydrates • Fats • Proteins • Polymerization – building of complex molecules • Monomer • Single unit • Polymer • Multiple repeating units • Macromolecule • Large chain of compounds

  4. POLYMERIZATION • Dehydration Synthesis • Dehydration • Loss of water • Synthesis • Creation • Build organic molecules • Create bonds = store energy • Humans – protein production • Plants – fruit & veggie production • Hydrolysis • Hydro – water • Lysis – splitting • Break organic molecules apart • Break bonds = release energy • Digestion – release energy from food

  5. ORGANIC MOLECULES • Molecular Formula • # elements in a compound • Example: • H2O • CH4 • C6H12O6 • Structural Formula • Picture of compound • Shows arrangement & bond type • Example: H H C H H

  6. ORGANIC MOLECULES • Must contain Carbon • Hydrocarbon: • Simplest organic • Chains of carbon connected by single, double or triple bonds • Remaining bonds are filled with hydrogen • Ex: _________ C CCC • Ex: _________ C CCC • Ex: _________ C CCC

  7. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Hydroxyl: • Also called Alcohols • Abbreviated: • Ex: Ethanol

  8. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Carboxyl: • Create acids • Abbreviated: • Ex: acetic acid

  9. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Carbonyl: • Given different names based on location w/in molecule • Aldehyde – end • Ketone – middle • Ex: Formaldehyde

  10. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Amine: • Create bases • Abbreviated: • Examples:

  11. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Identifying Organics • Is Carbon present? • Yes – Organic • No - Inorganic • Is Nitrogen present? • Yes – Protein • No – Carb or Lipid • Is there a 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen • Yes – Carb • No - Lipid

  12. CARBOHYDRATESSugars & Starches • Monosaccharides • Simple sugars • Building blocks of carbs • Examples • Glucose – C6H1206 • Galactose – C6H1206 • Fructose - C6H1206 • Disaccharides • Double sugars • Created thru dehydration synthesis • Examples • Sucrose – C12H22011 • Maltose – C12H22011 • Lactose - C12H22011

  13. CARBOHYDRATESSugars & Starches • Polysaccharides • Very long chains of monosaccharides • Examples: • Starch • Cellulose (fiber) • Glycogen • Chitin • Functions: • Energy • Simple – instant • Complex – longer lasting • Stored energy • Plants  cellulose • Animals  glycogen (liver) • Structural Support • Cellulose stems & leaves • Chitin  insect exoskeletons

  14. MONOSACCHARIDES Glucose Fructose

  15. POLYSACCHARIDES Alpha – glucose (Starch) Beta-glucose (Cellulose)

  16. LIPIDSFats, Oils & Waxes • Building Blocks • Glycerol • 3 Fatty Acids

  17. LIPIDS • Functions: • Long term energy • Hibernation • Protection • Internal organs • Insulation • Functions: • Cell membranes • Chemical Messengers • Surround nerves brain • Hormones

  18. LIPIDSFats, Oils & Waxes • Saturated Lipids • Saturated “full” Hydrogen • Carbons of fatty acids all joined by – bonds • Found – animals • Solid • Cholesterol – “bad fat” • Unsaturated Lipids • Less hydrogen • Carbons of fatty acids joined by = bonds • Found – plants & fish • Liquids • Healthier – “good fats”

  19. LIPIDS – MODEL LAB • 1 Glycerol model • 3 Fatty Acids

  20. PROTEINS • Amino Acids • Building blocks • 20 different A. A’s • Same basic structure except for “R” group

  21. PROTEINS • Also called polypeptides • Functions: • Movement – muscle • Transport – blood • Protection – immune system • Structures – hair, horns, nails, silk, feathers

  22. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Building blocks – nucleotides • Function • Store genetic information • Create proteins • Examples: • DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid • RNA – ribonucleic acid

  23. Model Lab glycine alanine

  24. ENZYMES • Terms: • Substrate – what is broken down • Active site – area where enzyme & substrate connect • Lock & Key Theory • Extremely specific • Unique shape of an enzyme allows it to connect with only 1 substrate

  25. ENZYMES • Changes to Reaction Rates: • Coenzyme - partner (speed up rxn rate) • Competitive Inhibitor – substance that blocks the active site & prevent “lock & key” fit (slow rxn rate) • Denature - Enzyme loses its shape (slow rxn rate)

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