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The Harnessed Atom

The Harnessed Atom. Unit 1 Lesson 1. We Use Energy to:. Power factories & businesses Heat & Light Homes and Schools Run appliances & machines Fuel Cars, Airplanes, Trains & Ships Run Televisions & Games Use Telephones & Computers Make Food & Clothing. Types of Energy. Potential.

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The Harnessed Atom

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  1. The Harnessed Atom Unit 1 Lesson 1

  2. We Use Energy to: • Power factories & businesses • Heat & Light Homes and Schools • Run appliances & machines • Fuel Cars, Airplanes, Trains & Ships • Run Televisions & Games • Use Telephones & Computers • Make Food & Clothing

  3. Types of Energy Potential Kinetic

  4. Forms of Energy • Mechanical • Chemical • Thermal • Electrical • Radiant • Nuclear

  5. Ultimate Source of Energy • The Sun • Photosynthesis • Heat • Air Currents • Ocean Currents

  6. Primary Sources of Energy • Fossil Fuels • Geothermal • Nuclear • Solar • Tidal/Water

  7. Efficiency • Energy cannot be Created or Destroyed • Energy Conversions are Inefficient – someleaves as heat • Energy Conservation extends life of a resource

  8. The Harnessed Atom Unit 1 Lesson 2

  9. What is Electricity? • The flow of electrons- as in a wire • Static – as when you comb your hair • Our most versatile and adaptable form of energy

  10. Electricity Production • By converting one source of energy into heat • Fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas) • Uranium • Water • Solar • Wind • Biomass • Geothermal

  11. Electricity Production • Heat up Water to make Steam • Steam turns a Turbine • Turbine moves a Magnet through a coil of Wire • Magnetic Field causes the e- to move

  12. How do we Move Electricity • About 1000 Utilities • Build Plants • String /Bury Wire • Fuel for plants • Meters on houses & businesses

  13. Utilities • Cover a specific region • Are Regulated • It’s essential • Must provide as needed • Must provide amt. needed • Charge fair rates • Build based on Prediction of Usage

  14. The Harnessed Atom Unit 2 Lesson 1

  15. Atom • 92 different natural atoms • Elements are different kinds of atoms • Combining different atoms makes molecules • Combined during a chemical reaction • Building blocks of the universe

  16. Atoms • Nucleus • Protons – positive charge • Identify the Atom • Neutrons – no charge • Electrons • Negative charge • Move around Nucleus • #Protons = #Electrons • Balanced charge

  17. Isotope • Same type of atom, different number of neutrons • All atoms are isotopes • Have the same chemical properties • Name + mass • U-235 or Uranium-235

  18. Isotope Stability • Some Proton/Neutron ratios more stable than others • Stabilize themselves by emitting radiationCalled Radioactive Decay • Energy • Particles

  19. The Harnessed Atom Unit 2 Lesson 2

  20. Radiation • Radioactive Decay • Unstable Isotopes seek to be more stable • Release energy & particles • Radiation • Energy or • Particles released • Radioactive • Substance giving off radiation

  21. Radiation Types • Alpha • Tiny bits of atoms • Stopped by paper • Beta • Smaller particles • Stopped by aluminum foil • Gamma • Electromagnetic wave • Fast & Strong • Stopped by cement or steel

  22. Ionizing Radiation • Alpha, Beta and Gamma • Can Change the chemical make up of things • Exposure can be dangerous • Shields are used to stop • Mechanical hands & robots

  23. Half-Life • Decay at Random • Eventually decay to a stable element • Decay Chain – transformation into different elements before becoming stable • Half Life • Amount of time for a given isotope to lose half of its radioactivity

  24. The Harnessed Atom Unit 2 Lesson 3

  25. Recognizing Radiation • Cannot see, hear, touch or smell it • Ionizing Radiation • Knocks e- off atoms • These atoms become + • Geiger Counters sense tiny electrical changes • Photographic film badges record radiation

  26. Warnings • Doors where radioactive materials are used or stored • Boxes & Containers • Same laws require labeling of: • Poisons, • explosives, • flammables, • combustibles

  27. Radiation Dose • Radiation Dose – depends on • Time exposed • Amount of shielding • Distance from source • Reduce Radiation Dose • Decrease time • Decrease distance • Increase shielding

  28. Exposure • Most people receive 150-200 millirems /year • Low Level - <5,000millirems • No effects at 50,000millirems • At low levels the body repairs itself • Radiation Sickness>100,000millirems • Death>500,000millirems

  29. The Harnessed Atom Unit 2 Lesson 4

  30. Background Radiation • Sources • Ocean • Mountains/Ground • Potassium • Thorium • uranium • Air • Food • Space (gamma)

  31. Uranium Deposits • New Mexico • Nevada • Utah • Wyoming • Colorado • India • Brazil

  32. Building Materials • Materials such as: • Bricks • Wood • Stone • Brick Homes50-100millirems/yr • Wooden Homes30-50millirems/yr

  33. Cosmic Radiation • Screened by clouds & air • Higher altitudes receive more than lower altitudes • Air Plane trip4 millirems

  34. Organisms • Plants & Animals made of radioactive elements • Food & Drink 25 millirems • Bananas & Brazil Nuts have more

  35. Man Made sources • Medical / Dental sources • Building Materials • Nuclear Industry • Coal Fired Power Plants • Nuclear Weapons testing • Avg. 80 millirems/yr

  36. Levels of Background Radiation

  37. SC Average Background Radiation • Manmade radiation level80 millirems • Natural radiation level107 millirems • Total = 187 millirems

  38. The Harnessed Atom Unit 2 Lesson 5

  39. Medical Uses • Cancer Treatment • Gamma Radiation to kill cancer cells • X-rays (em waves) • black & white picture of dense areas • CAT Scanners • color pictures of inside our bodies • Scintillation Counter • image of chemical reactions • using radioactive tracer given the patient • Labeling • Tracers to follow things in our body

  40. Science Uses Radioactive Tracers in • Size of oil fields • Track Ocean Currents • Air & Water • Pollution Paths • Nutrient Cycles • Plants & Animals • Pollution paths • Nutrient paths

  41. Science Uses • Dating Ancient Objects • All living things take in Carbon • Carbon-14 is a natural isotope • When organisms die, they no longer take in C • C-14 begins to decay • Half-life of C-14 is 5,760yrs • Measure difference of C-14 in old and new object • Uranium, Rubidium and Potassium used for older objects

  42. Crime Solving • Activation Analysis • Evidence is exposed to radiation • Some of the elements will be activated • Exact chemical signature can be read

  43. Industrial Uses • Agricultural uses • Create disease resistant/ fast growing plants • Control Insects by sterilizing males • Irradiation • Kills germs without making the object radioactive • Food • Medical Equipment

  44. Industrial Uses • Control thickness of: • Glues • Paper • Plastic • Foil • Fill sensors for Cartons & boxes • Check Contents of Containers or Luggage

  45. Industrial Uses • Radiography – x-rays • To find defects in metals & welds • Flow of fluid in hydraulics • Rate of wearing out • Blending of metals • Energy for • Pacemakers • Lights on runways & buoys • Power space craft

  46. The Harnessed Atom Unit 2 Lesson 6

  47. Fission • Fission • Splitting of an atom • Releases energy / heat • End with two new smaller elements • 2 or 3 neutrons released

  48. Fission • Chain Reaction • One neutron splits one atom & releases 3 neutrons • 3 neutrons split three atoms & release 9 neutrons • And so on and so on

  49. Fusion • Two atoms are joined together • Energy / heat is released • Deuterium & Tritium combine to make Helium • Neutron released • Ex. The Sun

  50. Fusion – on earth • Magnetic field to confine H isotopes • Heat to 100mil oC • H becomes a Plasma • Electricity alters it • Magnetism molds it • 1 gal Seawater = 300 gal Gas

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