WORK STUDY

1. WORK STUDY Week 1

2. Productivity • Productivity has a number of different meanings • General equation of productivity Productivity=Output/Input The others; *Labor productivity=units produced/hours worked *Capital productivity=output/capital input *Material productivity=output/materials input Determine a productivity term related with you! ----Total scores / Target skores?

3. An input-output model of the firm

4. Productivity Index Labor productivity and “output per hour” • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics holds a standard guidelines. • All relationships are determined output/input • Labor productivity index=Total annual output/the total hours worked. • Output=“real” annual sales • Input= average number of employees×average number of hours during the year………….

5. Technological Innovation • Changes in technology =increase in productivity expected. • Technological innovations=increased labor output, a reduction in costs, reduction in the price of the product or service. • Examples; • dial telephone? • Hybrid seeds, fertilizer, farm machinery? • Computer? What are the high technology requires? increase in investment Increase in employees’ skills Heavy working conditions Risky repetitive operations by machines. Computer is an integral parts of machine

6. Measurement of Individual Worker Productivity • Worker performance can be measured by worker productivity • It is necessary standard time of a job. • For example, if the standard time to assemble a bench grinder is 3.00 minutes and if the operator 260 grinders during the day. • Output? • Input ? • 260×3.00=780 • 8 hours (480 minutes) • Performance index=

7. Productivity of Capital • The productivity of capital= tools, machines and other operating facilities • Factors: maintenance, obsolescence • Million dolar investments…..

8. Motion and Time study and Productivity • What is relations between Motion and Time study and Productivity? • Productivity of Organization and Individuals • Elimination of unnecessary work • The design of methods and procedures • Most effective and least effort • System must be suited to the person. • Measuring work methods for determining a performance index or productivity index.

9. Motion and Time study and Productivity Motion and Time Study, Problem solving processes • Industrial engineers • Staff specialist • Managers • Supervisors • Employees • Design of jobs, determine work schedules, human effectiveness, improving life satisfactions

10. Definition and Scopes of Motion and Time Study • Our objective is to find the ideal method or the method nearest to the ideal that can be practically used. • Motion and time study is the systematic study of work systems with the purposes of • 1. Developing the preferred system and method • 2.Standardizing this system and method • 3.Determining the time required by a qualified and properly trained person working at a normal pace to do a specific task and operation • 4. Assisting in training the worker in the preferred method.

11. Definitions • Motion study or work methods design:for finding the preferred method of doing work. That is, the ideal method or one nearest to it. • Time study or work measurement: for determining the standard time to perform a specific task.

12. Scope of motion and time study-tools and techniques

13. Indirect factory labor? • Increasing the use of mechanization and automation direct labor decreased and attention was given to the indirect labor. • Factory operations; machinesmore complex highly trained people for operate, service and maintain. Employees are important for out of main factory operations such as; *electronic data processing *recording, *analyzing, *measuring nonrepetitive activities *work sampling

14. Nonmanufacturing Activities • Increase in indirect factory laborincrease in office work (banks, mail-order houses, hospitals, department stores, supermarkets, government and military)time and motion study principles are need for this field.

15. History of Motion and Time Study • Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) • Midvale Steel Company (1881) • Time studies are belong to Taylor • Taylor started his study by two good steady workers who were physically strong. • Which is the best way to do this job? • What should constitute a day’s work?

16. History of Motion and Time Study • Frank and Lilian (1878-1972) Gilbeth. • Motion studies are belong to them • Their activities cover a wide range • Inventions and improvements in building and construction work, fatigue, monotony, transfer of skill, development of such techniques as the process chart, micromotion study, and chronocyclegragh.

17. History of Motion and Time Study • Henry Laurence Gantt(1861-1919);The assistant of Taylor, Gantt chart, incentive payment. Humanist policies for employees. • Harrington Emerson (1853-1931); He studied subject of productivity and wages, • Ralph M. Barnes (1900-1984) the first professor who was studying on work measurements. • Marvin E. Mundel (1916-1996); Work measurement , to simplify the tools.

18. The General Problem-Solving Process • Methods design is a form of creative problem solving. • There are five steps described here are useful in the logical and systematic approach to solving almost any problem • 1. Problem definition • 2. Analysis of problem • 3. Search for possible solutions • 4. Evaluation of alternatives • Recommendation for action

19. Problem definition • Costs are too high. • Output must be increased • There is a bottleneck in order filling in the warehouse. • ? • ?

20. A case study • Problem definition: In a bank system, employees are complaining long working hours. Their motivations and job satisfactions are low. • The manager want to do new arrangement. • Analysis of problem • Search possible solutions • Evaluation of alternative solutions

21. Methods design worksheet-problem definition

22. Analysis of Problem

23. Case study • Search possible solutions • Evaluation of alternative solutions • Multiple shift design • Multiple break assignments • Compressed workweeks (3, 4, 5 workdays)