Understanding the Information Processing Model of Memory

1. WHS AP Psychology Unit 2: Memory (Cognition) Essential Task 2-1: Describe the information processing model of memory with specific attention to the following steps: - Encoding: external stimuli, sensory registers, selective attention, reticular formation, short-term memory - Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) and implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories) - Retrieval

2. Information Processing Model We are here gone 1. Encoding Long Term Memory 2. Storage 3. Retrieval All the rest Retrieval Sensory Registers ExternalStimuli Attention Short Term Memory

3. Essential Task 2-1: Outline • Define memory • Describe the Information Processing Model or IPM for short • Encoding: • external stimuli • sensory registers • selective attention • reticular formation • short-term memory • Storage: • long-term memory, • explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) • implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories) • Retrieval

4. Memory • The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned • Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model • Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.) • Storage – Hard Drive • Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive Outline

5. Information Processing Model • Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.) • Storage – Hard Drive • Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive Outline

6. Information Processing Model gone 1. Encoding Long Term Memory 2. Storage 3. Retrieval All the rest Retrieval Sensory Registers ExternalStimuli Attention Short Term Memory

7. Conduct Seven Dwarves Activity Outline

8. Recognition is easier than recall • Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby. Outline

9. Encoding • Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds) • Some information is stored visually • Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information Outline

10. Information Processing Model gone 1. Encoding Long Term Memory 2. Storage 3. Retrieval All the rest Retrieval Sensory Registers ExternalStimuli Attention Outline Short Term Memory

11. Sensory registers • Sensory registers are the first stop for all sensory information • The sensory registers are very large, but information stays for only a very short time Outline

12. Visual and Auditory Registers • Visual register holds images, or icons, that represent all aspects of a visual image • Icons normally last about ¼ second in the visual register • Auditory register holds echoes of sound • Echoes can last up to several seconds in the auditory register • Why do the auditory registers last longer? Outline

13. Now let us test your visual registers • I will flash the next picture for just ¼ of a second. • DON’T BLINK • After the image flashes we’ll return to a white screen and you can tell me everything you saw. Outline

14. Outline

15. Did you pay attention to everything? Outline

16. Here is another image • DON’T BLINK Outline

17. Outline

18. How big is your attention? Outline

19. Selective Attention • Selects certain information for further processing • We normally pay attention to only a SMALL(PLEASE ENJOY THE IRONIC FONT SELECTION) portion of incoming information Outline

20. What controls Selective Attention? • Broadbent's Filter Model • Treisman's Attenuation Model Outline

21. Reticular Formation Outline

23. Short-term Memory • Short-term memory holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment • Sometimes referred to as working memory Outline

24. Capacity of Short-Term Memory • Research indicates that STM can hold 7+/- 2 bits of information • Current research has demonstrated that STM can hold whatever is rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds • Larger amounts of information can be held by using the process of chunking Outline

25. Let’s see how good your STM is! Outline

26. Short Term Memory • 9 7 5 4 • 6 8 2 5 9 • 9 1 3 8 2 5 • 5 9 6 3 8 2 7 • 8 6 9 5 1 3 7 2 • 7 1 9 3 8 4 2 7 3 • 9 1 5 2 4 3 8 1 6 2 • 1 5 2 8 4 6 7 3 1 8 9 Outline

27. Chunking Helps • 423-19 • 267-198 • 390-675-2 • 573-291-43 • 721-354-456 • 245-619-832-2 • 141-384-515-89 • 201-315-426-762 • This is why I assign the concept maps – creates chunks Outline

28. Encoding in Short-Term Memory • Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds) • Some information is stored visually • Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information Outline

29. Maintaining STM • Information can be held in STM by using rote rehearsal, also called maintenance rehearsal • Rote rehearsal involves repeating information over and over • This technique is not very effective in creating long term memories Outline

30. Long-term Memory • Everything that is learned is stored in long-term memory • Capacity of long-term memory • Vast amounts of information may be stored for many years • No known limits to capacity Outline

31. Encoding in Long-term Memory • Most information is encoded in terms of meaning • Some information is stored verbatim • Some information is coded in terms of nonverbal images • Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information CONCEPT MAPS CREATE A VISUAL!!!! Outline

32. Types of Long Term Memory @#$!& @#$!& Outline • Explicit memory • Episodic Memory • Semantic Memory • Implicit memory • Procedural Memory • Emotional Memory

33. Types of Long Term Memory • Explicit memory • Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having • This information can be intentionally recalled • Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events in a specific time and place • Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time • Implicit memory • Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having • Cannot be intentionally retrieved Outline

34. Types of Long Term Memory Outline • Implicit memory • Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having • Cannot be intentionally retrieved • Procedural memories: Motor skills and habits • Emotional memories: Learned emotional responses to various stimuli

35. Retrieval Bringing information from LTM back to STM Outline