III. Fascist Dictatorships

1. III. Fascist Dictatorships

2. Rise of New Leaders and Ideas in Europe during the 1930s

3. Who Would You Vote For? Contestant #1 I am a womanizer, have self-interested policies and unfortunately suffer from ailing health. Contestant #2I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude Contestant #3I am a decorated war hero, do not drink and want to create a stable economy

4. Who Did You Vote For? Contestant #3 Contestant #2 Contestant #1

5. Black Tuesday 1929- stock market crashes Treaty of Versailles Great Depressionduring 1930s Totalitarianism Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize state control-For example: Communism, Nazism, Fascism Total Controlof State by aDictator

6. Totalitarianism • What is it? • Describe its characteristics…

7. Totalitarianism • Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state(political, military, economy, social, cultural) • Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms) • Strict controls and laws • Military state (secret police, army, military) • Censorship (opposing literature and ideas) • Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters) • One leader (dictator); charismatic • Total conformity of people to ideas and leader • Terror and Fear

8. Nazism Communism Fascism Totalitarianism *These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour

10. Fascism • I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943. • What is Fascism? • RIGHT WING • intense nationalism and elitism • totalitarian control • interests of the state more important than individual rights • maintain class system and private ownership • Black Shirts crushed opponents Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax

11. The Rise of Fascism in Italy • Fascism – dictatorship and totalitarianism, opposed communism and democracy (rigid control through force/censorship) • Mussolini’s rise to power – appointed Fascists to all official positions in center government • The corporatist state – major economic activities were organized similar to corporations

12. Mussolini’s ItalyAfter World War I, new ideas about government power promoted by Benito Mussolini led to drastic change in the Italian government Fascist Ideology Mussolini in Power Fascists significant force in Italian politics, 1922 Mussolini wanted more, wanted to rule Italy Called March on Rome Show of force convinced Italy’s king to put Mussolini at head of government Mussolini moved to establish dictatorship • Mussolini wanted to build a great, glorious Italian empire • Founded National Fascist Party, 1919 • from Latin fasces, Roman symbol for unity, strength • Fascism, authoritarian form of government • Good of nation above all else

13. Mussolini’s Italy Mussolini not satisfied merely with political control • Used threats, violence, political skill to outlaw all opposition • Tried to influence Italians’ thoughts, feelings, behaviors • Government attempt to control all aspects of life, totalitarianism • Used propaganda to promote Italy’s greatness • Established festivals, holidays to remind Italians of proud Roman heritage

14. Nazism • I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. • What is Nazism? • extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian • based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party • belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race” • belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe • Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them

15. The Nazis and Hitler • Treaty of Versailles- viewed as humiliating and unfair • High unemployment, soaring inflation • Nazi Party – extremely nationalistic, anti-Semitic • Hitler – planned racial purity, repeal the Treaty of Versailles, created anti-communist hysteria

16. Hitler’s GermanyGermany underwent great changes after World War I. Like Mussolini and Stalin, Germany’s Adolph Hitler rose to power during a time of conflict and political instability Post War Germany Economy Blamed Weimar Republic for economic problems Inflation soared German mark virtually worthless Savings wiped out Depression brought more chaos • Germany formed new republican government, Weimar Republic • Extremely unpopular • Germans blamed it for humiliating Versailles Treaty

17. Search for Power • Blamed Weimar Republic for economic problems • Inflation soared • German mark virtually worthless • Savings wiped out • Depression brought more chaos

18. Hitler gains power • Continued to try to gain power after released from prison • Economic effects of Great Depression helped cause

19. Mein Kampf • Wrote book while in prison • “My Struggle” described major political ideas • Nationalism, racial superiority of German people, Aryans

20. Promises • Germans desperate for strong leader to improve lives • Promised to rebuild military • Talk of mighty German empire, master race, won supporters

21. Hitler’s Germany • Many Germans wanted to believe Hitler’s words were true • Nazis continued to gain strength in early 1930s • Most popular of many German political parties • Hitler appointed as chancellor, 1933 • Most powerful post in German government • He called his rule the “Third Reich” (empire)

22. Hitler’s Germany Hitler Controls Germany Hitler’s Programs Began to rebuild German military Improved German economy Strict wage controls, massive government spending, reduced unemployment Much spending for rearmament Also new public buildings, roads • Began to crush opposition • Many opponents arrested, others intimidated by Nazi thugs • Cult of personality built up glorifying Hitler as the Führer, “leader” • Nazi youth organizations shaped minds of young Germans

23. Alliance • Rome-Berlin Axis- Alliance formed between Mussolini and Hitler in 1936

24. Nazi Controls

28. “The Eternal Jew”Depiction of a Jew holding gold coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of the world, with the imprint of the hammer and sickle. Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in anti-Semitic feelings, and in some cases violenceagainst the Jewish community. This Nazi propaganda poster reads, ‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.

31. IV. Dictatorship in the Soviet Union

32. Review: Russian Revolution • Why was there a revolution in Russia? Who came to power afterward? • After Lenin died there was a struggle for power between Trotsky and Stalin. Stalin prevails.

33. Russia Under Lenin • New Economic Policy – nationalized industries (government owns them now), collective farms (peasants were asked to join farms together for better production) • 1929 – 4% by 1931 – more than 50% • Women’s Roles – gave women more rights, seen as equal to men, allowed to divorce • Education was a priority, increase literacy, train industrial workers • Command Economy government controls economic decisions

34. The Five-Year Plan • Ambitious agricultural, industrial, and social goals to create a modern, industrialized society • Government makes major decisions about production of goods • Differs from capitalist economic system, where market forces are major influences on production • Plans did lead to increases in Soviet industrial output • During first two Five-Year Plans, oil production doubled, coal and steel production quadrupled • Demands on Soviet workers were high • Caused hardships for Soviet people, were forced to comply

35. Stalin’s Dictatorship • Government Under Stalin – purge (Elimination) of disloyal party members, extended to general population • Stalin, absolute power, but feared people plotting against him • Began campaign called Great Purge, to get rid of people, things undesirable • During Great Purge, thousands executed, sent to the Gulag • Politburo (most power political bureau) • Foreign Policy – wanted rest of world to accept Soviet Union and tried to spread Communism (Comintern)

36. Great Purge

37. Stalin’s Dictatorship • Stalin’s regime dominated Soviet life • Children encouraged to join youth organizations, taught attitudes, beliefs • Religion discouraged, churches closed • Censorship (Art)

38. Stalin’s Dictatorship • Portraits of Stalin decorated public places, creating heroic, idealized image • Streets, towns renaming in Stalin’s honor, created cult of personality • By ruthlessly removing opposition, Stalin gained stranglehold over society

39. Collectivization and Famine Increase Farm input Peasant Reaction Peasants resisted, Stalin responded violently Executed thousands, sent more to Siberian system of labor camps, called the Gulag Resistance continued, particularly in the Ukraine Stalin refused to send food during 1932 famine; millions starved to death • Stalin believed millions of small, individually owned Soviet farms would be more productive if combined into larger, mechanized farms • Combining small farms called collectivization • Stalin tried to take land back given to peasants after Russian Revolution

41. Why did the Soviet system of government make the development of a police state possible? • Before communism the Czars used secret police and spies to maintain control of the people

43. Write the answer in your notes • If you had a choice, would you rather live under a communist controlled country or one led by a fascist dictator. Explain using a specificexample to support your choice.