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Section 3-4

Culture and Society in the Roman World. Preview of Events. Section 3-4. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 3-5. Roman Art and Architecture and Roman Literature. In the third and second centuries B.C. , the Romans developed a taste for Greek art. .

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Section 3-4

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  1. Culture and Society in the Roman World Preview of Events Section 3-4

  2. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Section 3-5

  3. Roman Art and Architecture and Roman Literature In the third and second centuries B.C., the Romans developed a taste for Greek art.  Greek statues adorned their cities and homes.  Reproductions became popular.  Roman sculptors added realistic, even unpleasant features to the idealized Greek forms. (pages 163–165) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-7

  4. Roman Art and Architecture and Roman Literature (cont.) In line with their practical bent, the Romans excelled at architecture.  The Romans created forms based on curved lines: the dome, arch, and vault.  They were also first-class engineers who built enduring roads, bridges, and aqueducts.  They built 50,000 miles worth of roads throughout the empire.  The city of Rome’s many aqueducts supplied one million people with water. (pages 163–165) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-8

  5. Roman Art and Architecture and Roman Literature (cont.) Latin literature’s high point was during the Age of Augustus.  Its most distinguished poet was Virgil from Mantua, who wrote his epic poem the Aeneid in honor of Rome.  The character Aeneas displays the virtues of the ideal Roman–duty, piety, and loyalty.  In founding Rome, Aeneas starts it on its divine mission to rule the world. (pages 163–165) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-9

  6. Roman Art and Architecture and Roman Literature (cont.) Horace was another important Augustan poet.  In his Satires, he pokes fun at the weaknesses, follies, and vices of the human race.  The most important prose work of this time was Livy’s History of Rome. He traced the history of Rome from its inception to 9 B.C. (pages 163–165) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

  7. Roman Art and Architecture and Roman Literature (cont.) He celebrated Rome’s greatness and understood history in terms of moral lessons.  Thus he used stories to show the virtues that made Rome great.  He did not always get his facts straight, however. (pages 163–165) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-11

  8. The Roman Family The Roman family was headed by the paterfamilias, the dominant male.  The household also included his wife, sons with their wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves. (pages 165–166) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

  9. The Roman Family (cont.) Unlike the Greeks, the Romans raised their children at home.  All upper-class Roman children learned to read.  Teachers often were Greek slaves because prospering in the empire required knowing both Greek and Latin. (pages 165–166) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-14

  10. The Roman Family (cont.) Roman boys learned reading and writing, moral principles, family values, law, and physical training.  Roman males ended their childhood at 16 with a special ceremony.  They exchanged their purple-edge togas for the white toga of manhood.  Some upper-class girls were educated privately or in primary schools.  At the time the boys entered secondary schools, however, Roman girls were getting married. (pages 165–166) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-15

  11. The Roman Family (cont.) Like the Greeks, Roman males believed the weakness of women made it necessary for them to have male guardians.  The paterfamilias usually was the guardian.  He also arranged the marriages of his daughters. (pages 165–166) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-16

  12. The Roman Family (cont.) The legal minimum age for girls to marry was 12, though 14 was more common.  The age for boys was 14.  Divorce was introduced in the third century B.C. and was easy to obtain.  Both men and women could sue for divorce. (pages 165–166) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-17

  13. The Roman Family (cont.) By the second century A.D. the paterfamilias no longer had complete authority in the family.  For example, he could not sell his children into slavery or have them put to death.  Women increasingly were not required to have a male guardian.  Upper-class women could own, sell, and inherit property.  Unlike Greek wives, Roman wives were not segregated from men in the home. (pages 165–166) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-18

  14. The Roman Family (cont.) Outside the home women could attend the races, the theater, and events in the amphitheater.  In the latter two places they had their own seating section, however, and women could not participate directly in politics. (pages 165–166) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-19

  15. Slavery No people relied on slavery as much as the Romans.  Before the third century B.C., even a small Roman farmer would have one or two slaves.  The wealthy had more. (pages 166–167) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-21

  16. Slavery (cont.) As Rome conquered the Mediterranean area, large numbers of war captives were brought to Italy as slaves.  Greeks were prized as tutors, musicians, doctors, and artists.  Slaves worked in shops, kept house, waited tables, were personal servants, and made crafts. They built roads and public buildings.  Conditions often were pitiful.  One Roman writer argued that it was cheaper to work slaves to death and replace them than to care for them. (pages 166–167) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-22

  17. Slavery (cont.) Masters feared slave revolts.  Punishments were harsh: The murder of a master by a slave might mean all the remaining household’s slaves would be killed.  The most famous slave revolt in Italy was led by the gladiator Spartacus in 73 B.C.  Seventy thousand slaves joined up with Spartacus, and they defeated several Roman armies before being defeated themselves in 71 B.C.  Spartacus was killed and thousands of his followers were crucified. (pages 166–167) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-23

  18. Daily Life in The City of Rome Rome had the largest population of any city in the empire, close to one million by the time of Augustus.  Rome was overcrowded and noisy.  Wagons and carts were banned during the day, but their noise at night made sleeping difficult.  Even though Augustus organized a police force, Rome could be dangerous.  One also might be soaked by the filth thrown from the windows of one of Rome’s huge apartment buildings. (pages 167–168) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-25

  19. Daily Life in The City of Rome (cont.) The poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae. As tall as six stories, these badly constructed buildings often collapsed.  Fires were a constant threat and hard to put out. (pages 167–168) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-26

  20. Daily Life in The City of Rome (cont.) High rents forced entire families to live in one room.  The apartments did not have plumbing or central heating.  These uncomfortable conditions made many Romans spend most of their time in the street. (pages 167–168) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-27

  21. Daily Life in The City of Rome (cont.) Rome was adorned with unequaled public buildings, such as baths, temples, theaters, and markets.  Beginning with Augustus, the city’s two hundred thousand poor received free grain from the emperor. (pages 167–168) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-28

  22. Daily Life in The City of Rome (cont.) The people were entertained by grand public spectacles and entertainments.  The most popular were the gladiatorial contests, in which animals, slaves, and condemned criminals would fight to the death.  Horse and chariot races at the Circus Maximus were also popular, as were dramatic performances. (pages 167–168) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-29

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