Manifest Destiny and a Changing Society

1. Manifest Destiny and a Changing Society

2. Manifest Destiny • Began in the 1600’s with the Puritan belief that it was God’s plan that this new land be claimed by His “chosen people.” • In the 1800’s it became the popular idea that Europeans were destined to inhabit the entire continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 1

3. Sunrise over the Atlantic

4. Sunset over the Pacific

5. And so we did . . . Here’s how . . .

6. The Louisiana Purchase • 1800 – Napoleon Bonaparte of France took the Louisiana territory from Spain, but he needed money to continue his war in Europe. • 1803 – President Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans, a port important to American farmers, instead Napoleon offered him all the land west of the Mississippi for $15 million. • Doubled the size of the US. 2

7. Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor of France

8. Signing of the Treaty James Monroe & Napoleon

9. Treaty of Cession 1803

10. The U.S. doubles its territory

11. Present day states included in the Louisiana Purchase

12. Lewis & Clark Congress financed an expedition to explore the area included in the Louisiana Purchase. Their expedition set out in 1804 & returned in 1806, & reached all the way to the PacificOcean. They were accompanied by a crew of men and later an Indian interpreter, Sacagawea

13. War of 1812 - When Indians increased their attacks against settlers moving to their lands, most Americans believed that the British were encouraging & arming them. - In 1814, 4,000 British troops marched to Washington D.C. & started fires that consumed the city & even gutted the White House as Madison and his wife fled. - On Dec. 24, 1814, both sides realized war wasn’t what they wanted & so signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war.

14. War of 1812 Before news of the treaty reached the armies, the British tried to capture New Orleans. General Andrew Jackson defended the city, racking up more than 2,000 British casualties , while the American casualties were fewer than two dozen. The battle allowed Americans to end the war on a positive note. The battle also made Jackson a war hero, possibly winning him the presidency in 1829.

15. War of 1812

16. Missouri Compromise 1820 Congress began to debate the admission of Missouri as a slave state. Congress from the North were worried that another slave state would increase the power of the South in the Senate. So they reached a compromise. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and Maine (Mass. territory), would be admitted as a non-slave state.

17. Missouri Compromise 1820

18. Florida • 1763 - The colonies of West and East Florida were ceded to Britain at the end of the French and Indian War. • 1781 - Spain recaptured Florida (during the Revolutionary War). 3 continued

19. Spanish Floridas, 1800

20. Florida • 1818 – General Andrew Jackson was sent to stop Seminole Indian attacks across the northern border into Georgia . • 1821 - Forced Spain to give up its claim to Florida. 3

21. Texas • 1836 - Texas wins. independence from Mexico. • Texas becomes an independent republic. • 1845 - Annexed by the U.S. • Causes war with Mexico. 4

22. The Republic of Texas 1836

23. The State of Texas 1845

24. Mexican Cession • 1846 - U.S. wins the Mexican War. • Mexico cedes 525,000 square miles of land in present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, California, and Nevada. 5

25. Territory gained in the Mexican Cession

26. Oregon Territory • 1700’s - Both Great Britain and the U.S. had claimed Oregon. • 1818 – Both nations agreed to occupy the land together. • 1846 – Oregon Treaty - so many American settlers had moved there that Britain gave up the land south of the 49th parallel (line of latitude). 6

27. Oregon Territory

28. California Gold Rush • 1849 – Gold discovered in California. • Population booms from 15,000 to over 100,000 by late 1849. • Gives CA enough residents to become a state. • San Francisco becomes a major financial and market center on the west coast. 7

29. Crowds of miners along the American River, 1851

30. Advertisement for ship’s passage Miner panning for gold

31. Gold seekers traveled west on the Oregon Trail then south along the California Trail - a 2000 mile trek

32. Gadsden Purchase • 1853 • Small area of flat land south of Arizona purchased from Mexico. • Needed for the building of the railroad west. 8

33. Gadsden Purchase

34. The Native American Problem

37. Andrew Jackson • Hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. • Elected in 1828 as 7th President of U.S. • Introduced the “Spoils System” in American politics. 9

38. Indian Removal Act • In 1830, Jackson encouraged Congress to pass this act so white farmers could claim the fertile lands of the South. • Jackson forcibly relocated about 100,000 members of 5 tribes. • They lost 100 million acres of rich Southern land and were given 32 million acres of dry prairie land in Oklahoma. 10

39. Trail of Tears • In 1832 the Cherokees sued the state of Georgia for the right to remain in their homeland. • The Supreme Court ruled in their favor. • Georgia ignored the ruling and President Jackson agreed. 11 continued

40. Trail of Tears • In 1838, the U.S. Army rounded up over 15,000 Cherokee men, women, and children and forced them to march westward on foot. • The journey took 116 days. • ¼ of them died. Over 4,000. • They called it the “Trail of Tears.” 11

41. The Trail of Tears

42. Indian Removal

43. American Progress 1872 painting by John Gast

44. Important Political & Social Issues

45. Nullification Crisis • 1832 - Northern congressmen increased the tariff on importedgoods to discourage foreign trade & encourage U.S. products. • The tariff made imported items more expensive than American-made items. • The tariff benefited the industrial North, but forced the south to pay higher prices for manufactured goods. 12 continued

46. Nullification Crisis • South Carolina refused to pay the tariff and declared the law to be null. (nullify means to reject) • States’ Rights – the right to nullify any law that was unfair to one region of the country. 12 continued

47. Nullification Crisis • President Jackson threatened to send in the military. • South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union. • Jackson proposed a lower tariff. 12

48. Reform - to form again; to change. Attempts to bring about certain changes for the improvement of society. Reform Movements 13

49. Often led by women or religious groups. Encouraged people to control their consumption of alcohol. Drunkenness caused most social evils, such as violence, poverty, family abandonment . Temperance Movement 14

50. A woman and her innocent children campaigning for temperance