Science and Technology HUM 101

1. Science and TechnologyHUM 101 International University of Sarajevo Academic year 2013/2014

2. Urban revolution • City states, unitary kingdoms, coercive institutions, • Bureaucratically organized societies, • Urban societies, increased population, • Stratified societies, diversified professions, • Wars, armies, slaves, • Institutionalized education, practical knowledge, anonymous scientists, • Writings, letters, written sources, • Agricultural economy, surplus and storage, • Trade, standardized measurement, money and taxation, • Monumental buildings, pyramids, temples, well organized cities, • Metallurgy (bronze, gold….), mining ore, smelting, hammering, • Production of ships, bricks, development of irrigation systems, • New energies utilized like wind energy….

3. Urban revolution • Where?

4. Urban revolution

6. Urban revolution • Have these civilizations appeared and grown independently?

7. Urban revolution • Hydraulic hypothesis, irrigated or drained water system (Euphrates, Tigers, Nile, Indus, Yellow, Yangtze, San Juan, Moche rivers….), • Absence of cattle, the wheel and the plow in New World, Western Hemisphere, • Bronze metallurgy did not appear in New World, did not replace stone hammers, digging stick, • Gold and silver metallurgy developed for decorative and ornamental purposes in Western Hemisphere.

8. Science and TechnologyHUM 101 International University of Sarajevo Academic year 2013/2014

10. LAND BETWEEN RIVERS • Mesopotamia comes from the ancient Greek root words μέσος (meso) "middle" and ποταμός (potamia) "river“, • The civilizations that emerged around these rivers are among the earliest known non-nomadic agrarian societies, the foundation of civilization, • The convergence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers produced rich fertile soil and a supply of water for irrigation.

12. Series of city states along with empires rose and fall over succeeding millennia. • Great wall cities appeared URUK, UR, SUMER with population between 50 000 and 200 000. • No single kingdom or polity dominated Mesopotamia as in Egypt.

13. When? • From the beginning of written history (c. 3500 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Persian Empire. • Sumer, Akkad, Babylon and Assyria civilizations all emerged throughout that time around the Tigris-Euphrates. • Mesopotamia fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC, and after his death, it became part of the Greek Empire.

15. Ziggurats of Mesopotamia Nammu’s ziggurat of Third Dynasty UR

18. Art, literature… • One of 18 statutes of Gudea (2090 BCE), one of the rulers in Mesopotamia, • The Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem from Mesopotamia, is amongst the earliest surviving works of literature, • The main emphasis was on various, very durable, forms of sculpture in stone and clay. Littlepainting has survived.

19. Science from Mesopotamia???

20. Science from Mesopotamia • 60-minute hour, the 24-hour day, and the 360-degree circle. Mesopotamian mathematics and science was based on a numerical system of 60, • Mesopotamian astronomers worked out a 12-month calendar based on the cycles of the moon, introduced the calendar based on seven-day week, • The Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination and prescriptions. Diagnostic Handbookintroduced the methods of therapy,

21. Science from Mesopotamia • Very first heliocentric theory examined by Babylonian astronomer Seleucus (190BC), • Supported heliocentric (versus geocentric) theory, tried to prove that Earth rotates around its own axis which in turn revolved around the Sun, • Not known what arguments he used (except that he correctly theorized on tides as a result of Moon's attraction.

22. Technological achievements in Mesopotamia????

23. Technological achievements • Invented metal and copper-working, glass and lamp making, textile weaving, flood control, water storage, and irrigation. • Mesopotamian were the first Bronze age people in the world. They developed from copper, bronze and gold on to iron. • Palaces were decorated with hundreds of kilograms of these very expensive metals. Copper, bronze, and iron were used for armor as well as for different weapons such as swords.

27. Babylon, Cyrus the great (600BC), Jews, Old Testament…., Persepolis, Darius the great (550BC), • Greece, Alexander the Great 334 BCE….

28. YOUR QUESTIONS?

29. Egypt

30. When? • The rise of dynastic Egypt in the Nile Valley occurred with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in approximately 3400-3200 BC. King Menes united two kingdoms and became first Egyptian pharaoh. It ended at around 343 BC. • Commonalities and differences with Mesopotamia?

31. Comparative analysis Egypt Mesopotamia DIFFERENCES City states Civilization along two rivers City rulers Ziggurats Agricultural central city state economy COMONALIITES Great scientific achievements Monumental buildings Practical education Polytheists Irrigation economy Had enemies and fought wars • DIFFERENCES • Unitary kingdom • Civilization along one river • The Pharaoh of Egypt • Pyramid • Agricultural central economy • COMONALITIES • Great scientific achievements • Monumental buildings • Practical education • Polytheists • Irrigation economy • Had enemies and fought wars

33. Pharaoh of Egypt?

34. Government • Was the absolute monarch of the whole country, had complete control of the land and its resources, • Was the supreme military commander and head of the government, who relied on a bureaucracy of officials to manage his affairs, • In charge of war and peace. Egypt made the earliest known peace treaty, • In charge of the administration was his second in command, the vizier, who acted as the king's representative and coordinated land surveys, the treasury, building projects, the legal system, and the archives.

35. Social affairs • Stratified society???

37. Social status, economy… • Egyptian society was highly stratified, social status was expressly displayed, • Much of the economy was centrally organized and strictly controlled, • Agricultural production was owned directly by the state, temple, or noble family that owned the land, • Farmers were also subject to a labor tax and were required to work on irrigation or construction projects, • Artists and craftsmen were of higher status than farmers, but they were also under state control, working in the shops attached to the temples and paid directly from the state treasury.

38. Farming in Egypt was dependent on the cycle of the Nile River. TheEgyptians recognized three seasons: Akhet (flooding), Peret (planting), and Shemu (harvesting).

39. Written sources • Pictographic writing and hieroglyphs (ideographic) known in Egypt.

40. Egypt • Technology???

42. Egypt • Mastered advanced forms of shipbuilding as early as 3000 BC. It built the first known ship, • Developed glass technology, • Advanced construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids and temples, • Designed practical and effective system of medicine, • Developed irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, • Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries.

43. Why pyramids in Egypt?

44. Why pyramids in Egypt? • Burial place, tombs for pharaohs, • Exercise of statecraft, reinforce the power of pharaoh, • Mobilization of population during agricultural off season, • Commemorative purposes…

45. Pyramids • The architecture of ancient Egypt includes some of the most famous structures in the world, • Great Pyramid at Giza was build on the west bank of the Nile during zenith of the pyramid building era between 2789 and 2767 BCE (or possibly 2589-2566) by Khufu (Cheops), the first pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, • The Great Pyramid is the largest stone structure ever built: it was made of 2.3 million blocks averaging 2.3 tons apiece with total weight of 6 million tons, with chambers, buttresses and passageways within…. • 100 000 people toiled for 20 years to built the Great Pyramid, 4000-5000 craftsman worked at the site year round.

46. Other civilizations • Chinese, Indian, Mesoamerican, Maya civilizations • River valleys, • Cities, kingdoms, political authorities, • Water irrigation, • Monumental architecture, • Practical education, • Metal technology bronze, gold….