Science and Technology HUM 101

1. Science and TechnologyHUM 101 International University of Sarajevo Academic year 2013/2014

2. Relations of Science and Technology throughout history?

3. Prehistory versus history

4. No written record in the prehistory time. How do we learn about this period of human history?

5. Old Stone Age • When (Prehistory time, from 2.5 million BCE to 12000-10000BCE) • Where (At the beginning of the Paleolithic era, oldest human fossils were found primarily in eastern Africa. Most known fossils (Homo Sapiens) dating earlier than one million years before present are found in this area, particularly in Kenya, Tanzania and Ethiopia. Why East Africa? • They left Africa and migrated at later stages 1.5 million BCE and began settling in southern Europe and Asia. No evidence of life in Australia, America or Oceania before 50 000 to 15 000 BCE • 8 million people at the end of the Old stone age….

7. Old stone age – social aspect • No written records, all sources on social organization came from archeology, • Small temporary shell, • Human population rather small, law density, one person per square mile…. • Lived in groups of 20-100, • No permanent settlement, no permanent construction, • Must find food, must move, one meal from starvation, • No towns, no cities, no governments, no authorities, no formal leadership… • No division of labor, everybody skilled for various duties essential for survival, • However, women were inclined to work as food gatherer and food processors where as men were animal hunters….

8. Old stone age - economy • Hunting and gathering, • No storage, no food surplus, • No food production, no animal domestication, • Humans hunted wild animals for their food and gather other materials for their cloths, shelter and tools…. • Paleolithic hunting and gathering people ate vegetables, fruit, nuts and insects, meat, fish, and shellfish, • Paleolithic peoples suffered less famine and malnutrition than the Neolithic farming tribes that followed them????

9. Old stone age • What about technology?

10. Old stone age: technology

11. Old stone age: technology

12. Old stone age: technology

13. Old Stone Age: technology • Made tools (like choppers) of stone, wood and bone, • Fire, nobody knows when exactly - security, cooking, heating, • Rafts (to travel over rivers), • Harpoons, Stone weapons, arrow, animal bone, usually without polishing, • Fishing Net, • Primitive ceramic, • Tents, • Oral language – create social life, custom, culture, who we are…., • Surviving artifacts known as paleoliths…

14. What about art?

15. Old stone age – art, religion…. • When: at the end of the old stone age, • What: cave painting, rock painting, painting other animals (lions), half animals, half man…. Why painting??? • Magic, love for hunting, worship, self portraits, portraits of women themselves…….. Archeologists and anthropologists have described the figurines as representations of goddesses, • At later stages they start producing jewelry and began to engage in religious behavior such as burial and ritual, • Language appeared, the origin of music unknown. Animal skin drums may have been used…

16. How did they spend their time • Hunting and gathering, • Leisure, live life of their choice, • Eating, drinking, • Socializing, • No fights, wars, no chemicals, healthier food…

19. Why did the pace of change accelerate 15 000 years ago, as food collecting finally gave way to food producing, first in the form of gardening and animal domestication in the Neolithic era and later, after another technological revolution in the form of intensified farming (agriculture) under the control and management of the political state?

20. Climate change, • Retreat of glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age about 12 000, • Restricted food supply, • Animal migration northward, • Overhunting, self destruction, changing living conditions, • Population increase…..

21. YOUR QUESTIONS?

22. New Stone Age • When (from 12000-10000BCE to 4500-2000BCE) • A temple area in southeastern Turkey at GöbekliTepedated to 10,000 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. • Where (beginning in Middle east areas, Levant, West Bank, Israel – Jericho, Jordan…). Fertile crescent in middle east from Mediterranean and Red sea to Persian Gulf.

23. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC, the world's first town, Jericho, appeared in the Levant. • Spread to Small Asia, Egypt, northern Mesopotamia (8000 BCE), south and east Asia (7500BCE), south east Europe (6000BCE), south America (4500BCE). Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 • Three to four millions people shared the planet.

26. Why there appears leaders, social order, some social rankings in the Neolithic phase??? • First social institution appeared.

28. Old stone age versus new stone age • Tool using, • Hunters and collectors, • Food gathering economy, • No gardening, • No storage, • No food surplus, • No labor division, • No social strata versus some social rankings, economic competitors • Few tens or hundreds lived together. • Tool making, • Animal and plant domestication, • Food producing economy, • Gardening, • Available storage facilities, • Surplus created, • Labor division, • Some social ranking available, economic competition created, • Few thousands lived together.

29. Commonalities • Shared prehistory time, • No written sources, • No or little science, • No systematic agriculture, • No cities, kingdoms, • No dominant, coercive bodies, individuals, institutions…

31. New stone age – social settlement, economy… • Neolithic farming included production of wheat, rice, potatoes, and the keeping of dogs, sheep and goats. By about 6,900–6,400 BC, it included domesticated cattle and pigs, • Pottery created and used, • Permanent or seasonally inhabited settlements. People lived in small tribes. • Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them. Social inequality, competition…., • There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; no evidence that explicitly suggests that Neolithic societies functioned under any dominating class or individual, • Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was the center of life.

32. Nomadic societies • Mongols, Bedouins….

33. Neolithic toolkit

36. Food processing items, cooking items from the European Neolithic site: millstones, bread, grains and small apples, a clay cooking pot, and containers made of wood…

38. Housing, architecture… The shelter, architecture changed dramatically, villages created, Mud brick houses started appearing. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible, Roofed housing, the roof was supported by beams from the inside, The rough ground was covered by platforms, mats, and skins on which residents slept, House settlements were common in the Alpine and PianuraPadana (Terramare) region. Remains have been found near Ljubljana in Slovenia.

39. Other technological discoveries • Pottery, • Canoes, • Tombs…

40. Neolithic art

41. Neolithic art

42. Old and new stone age • What about science in prehistory time?

44. Stonehenge • 3000-2000 BC • Produced by culture that left no written records, • Burial place? • Place of worship? • Place to show scientific achievements of the time?

45. END