Development of a multilevel model of relationships between leadership and efficacy beliefs

1. Development of a multilevel model of relationships between leadership and efficacy beliefs Seyyed Babak Alavi Graduate School of Management and Economics, Sharif University of Technology.

2. Agencies in social cognitive theory • Personal agency • Collective agency • Proxy agency

3. Definitions • Bandura (1997) defines self-efficacy as “beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments” (p. 3). • collective efficacy refers to “a group’s shared belief in its conjoint capabilities to organize and execute the course of action required to produce given levels of attainments” (p. 477).

4. Definitions (continued) • proxy-efficacy is defined as an individual’s belief in someone else’s or a group’s capabilities to organize and execute courses of actions on her/his behalf required to produce given levels of attainment (Alavi & McCormick, unpublished manuscript)

5. Implication of proxy-efficacy • lawyers and their clients; • physicians and their patients; • coaches and sport players; • teachers and parents; • teachers and students; • organizational leaders and employees.

6. Efficacy beliefs and performance • Several studies have supported that self-efficacy and collective efficacy are related to individual and group performance, respectively. • From this perspective, an important leadership function may be to influence efficacy beliefs in order to improve performance at different levels.

7. Sources of self-efficacy • Mastery experiences • Verbal persuasion • Vicarious experiences • Physiological and affective states

8. Sources of collective efficacy • Bandura (1997) has suggested that similar sources at the group level can be used as sources of collective efficacy.

9. Sources of proxy-efficacy

10. efficacy beliefs at the individual level • A leader’s self-efficacy • A follower’s proxy-efficacy for her/his leader • A follower’s self-efficacy • Followers’ proxy-efficacy for each other • A follower’s individual belief of collective efficacy • A leader’s individual belief of collective efficacy

11. efficacy beliefs at the group level • Followers’ shared collective efficacy • Followers’ shared proxy-efficacy for their leader • The whole group’s shared belief of collective efficacy

12. Leadership and efficacy beliefs • Past studies have supported that the extent to which followers believe in their leader may influence the extent to which they put effort in their activities. • Transformational leadership indirectly influence group performance through the mediation of empowerment and collective efficacy.

13. Theoretical framework Organizational level Organizational leadership performance Group level Sources of Efficacy beliefs Group Leadership efficacy beliefs at different levels performance Individual level Individual Leadership performance

14. Some empirical research for future • Impression tactics and development of followers’ proxy-efficacy for their leader; • Relationship between a leader’s self-efficacy and followers’ proxy-efficacy for the leader and moderator variables of the relationship; • Leadership styles and collective efficacy.

15. Thank you for your attention