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Session 7: CSP Part 2

Session 7: CSP Part 2. Agenda Discussion of Homework Power Tower Dish/Engine Hybrid Systems Homework Assignment. CSP: Power Tower. Power Tower with Storage. Sun-tracking mirrors Tower mounted receiver Storage fluid: Molten salt Salt/Steam heat exchanger Conventional steam plant.

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Session 7: CSP Part 2

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  1. Session 7: CSP Part 2 Agenda Discussion of Homework Power Tower Dish/Engine Hybrid Systems Homework Assignment

  2. CSP: Power Tower

  3. Power Tower with Storage • Sun-tracking mirrors • Tower mounted receiver • Storage fluid: Molten salt • Salt/Steam heat exchanger • Conventional steam plant 565 C (1049 F) 290 C (554 F) Source: NREL website

  4. Power Tower Characteristics • Solar Multiple = thermal power from collector field • peak thermal power for power block • For a plant in Mohave Desert • Solar Multiple = 2.7 • Capacity Factor = 65% (w/o storage, CF =25%) • Storage Provides • Dispatchability • Accommodate transient clouds • Ability to operate during peak load demand periods

  5. Power Tower Pros and Cons • Pros • Dispatchable • Cover Peak Demand • Accommodate clouds • Good efficiency • Cons • Not modular, can’t provide power until complete • Not viable for small power output

  6. Power Tower History Source: NREL website

  7. Solar TwoBarstow, CA Goal: Demonstrate Molten Salt Storage Source: NREL website

  8. Solar Two Performance • Receiver: Boeing’s Rocketdyne Division • Handle Transients: 290 C to 570 C in less than 1 minute (transient clouds) • Salt • 60% sodium nitrate, 40% potassium nitrate • Melts at 220 C (428 F) • Low viscosity (similar to water) • High wetting factor (hard to contain)

  9. State-of-Art: Gemasolar • Output: 19.9 MWe, 110 GWh/year • Storage: 15 hours, molten salt • 140-meter high tower • 2650 120-m2 heliostats • Initial Operation: May 2011 • Location: Spain • Owner: Torresol Energy Sources: http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=40, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemasolar

  10. Dish/Engine CSP

  11. How do these relate to CSP? Source: Kockums Website Source: NASA Photo

  12. Dish/Stirling Based on these Technologies Kockums developed a Stirlingengine design based on an Air Independent Propulsion system for submarines MacDonald Douglas Aircraftdeveloped a dish based on aircraft structural design Source: Kockums Website Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  13. Dish-Stirling ApproachStirling Energy Systems, Inc. Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  14. Relative Advantages Of Dishes Vs. Other Concentrating Technologies • Distributed Generation AND Central Power Plant Capabilities • Minimal Water Usage • Easier To Site And More Environmentally Friendly: • No Site Leveling Required • No Defoliation

  15. Solar Dish Stirling Operation • Dish Concentrator Focuses Sun’s Energy On Receiver • Stirling Engine Converts Thermal Energy To Electrical Energy Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  16. Dish Stirling Principles of Operation • Dish Concentrator Focuses Sun’s Energy On Receiver • Stirling Engine Converts Thermal Energy To Electrical Energy Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  17. ESTIMATED ANNUAL ENERGY Solar Dish Stirling 629 kWh/m2 Central Receiver 327 kWh/m2 Parabolic Trough 260 kWh/m2 Tracking Photovoltaic 217 kWh/m2 Central Receiver Solar Dish Stirling Daily Generated Energy Per Unit Area (kW hr/sq m) Parabolic Trough Tracking Photovoltaic Sun Daily Energy Per Unit Area (kW hr/sq m) Dish Stirling - Twice AsEfficient As Next Best Solar Source: Southern California Edison and Sandia National Laboratories

  18. Solar-to-Bus bar Peak Efficiency-30% 91.1 79.3 30.0 33.3 31.4 100 100 78.9 88.1 80 REFLECTIVITY RECEIVER 60 INTERCEPT POWER PERFORMANCE (%) AVAILABLE IRRADIANCE 40 RECEIVER TEMP.DIF PCU ENGINE 20 GENERATOR PARASITIC 0 100 91.1 96.7 90 99.5 42 94.8 95.5 SUBSYTEM EFFICIENCY Dish Receiver Parasitics Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  19. SES Dish Stirling System Characteristics • Concentrator Glass Area.................. 91.01 m2 (979.72 ft2) @82 mirrors • Receiver Aperture…………………… 8 in diameter; 0.349 ft2 area • Concentration Ratio………………… 2704 • Design Wind Speed-Operating……. 30 mph-Survival…..90 mph • Mirror Type…................................... Silvered glass; 0.7 mm thick • Reflectivity…………………………… >91% • Module Height………………………. 11.89 m (39 ft) • Module Width……………………….. 11.28 m (37ft) • Module weight………………………. 14,900 lbs • Sunlight-to-busbar efficiency……… 29.4 percent (at 1000 watts/m2) Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  20. Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  21. CONNECTING PISTONS TO A CRANKSHAFT Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  22. Stirling Engine and Receiver Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  23. Kockums 4-95 Stirling Engine Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  24. Kockums 4-95 Stirling Engine Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  25. Kockums 4-95 Engine Key Parameters • Net Power Rating...................... 25kW at 1000W/m2 insolation • Electrical Power….................... 480, 60 Hz, 3 Phase • Generator........ 1800 rpm induction • Engine Type……. Kinematic Stirling • Number of Cylinders…… Four Double-Acting Pistons • Displacement……………. Each Piston at 95cc • Operating Speed……….. 1800 rpm • Working Fluid……… Hydrogen • Engine Temperature…… 7200 C (13280F) • Engine Pressure………. 20 MPa • Power Control………… Variable Pressure • Cooling……………… Water/Air Radiator • Coolant Temperature…. 500C (1220+F) • Power Conversion Weight… <1500 lbs Source: SES Presentationto AZ/NV SAE, 2005

  26. Installation of SES Dish at UNLV

  27. The History of Stirling Energy Systems • SES buys Dish design and hardware from MacDonald Douglas /California Edison • SES licenses Stirling engine technology from Kockums • 2004 SES redesigns Dish • SES installs 6 units at Sandia Nat’l Labs, Albuquerque, N.M. • SES signs PPAs for 800 MWe with 2 California utilities • 2007 SES redesigns both Engine and Dish • 2010 SES installs 60 units in Peoria, AZ • 2011 SES files Chapter 7 Bankruptcy due to falling PV prices and global financial issues

  28. The Future of Dish/Engine • Stirling engine long-term reliability not proven • Hybrid gas turbine system is being developedby several companies • Dish can be used for concentrated PV (CPV) Source: SunLab

  29. Southwest Solar TechnologyHybrid Fossil – Solar Brayton • • Largest commercial solar dish in the world • • 320 sq m of aperture area • 250 kW thermal power • focus diameter 0.5 m • Tracking accuracy is within 0.1 deg Source: SST

  30. SST: I-10 and Salt River Source: SST

  31. Hybrid and Advanced Systems

  32. Hybrid Fossil Fuel System • Relatively easy to put in-line for trough and power tower • Difficult to introduce with dish/Stirling • Relatively easy to put in-line with dish/Brayton Source:G. CohenSolargenix Energypresentation to IEEE Renewable Energy, Las Vegas, May 16, 2006

  33. Hybrid Fossil Options • Topping: Needed to get higher input temperature to engine • Supplemental: Provides additional energy when needed • Stand Alone: Provides all power input if needed Source:G. CohenSolargenix Energypresentation to IEEE Renewable Energy, Las Vegas, May 16, 2006

  34. Trough Storage/Hybrid Concept Source: Overview on Thermal Storage Systems, Ulf Herrmann et al., FLABEG SolarInternational GmbH, Workshop on Thermal Storage for Trough Plants, February 20-21,2002.

  35. Air Receiver with Storage Source: Romero, M. et al., An Update on Solar Central Receiver Systems, Projects, and Technologies. Journal of Solar Engineering, May 2002, Vol. 124, 98-104.

  36. Power Tower Gas Turbine Plant Source: Schwarzbozl, P., et al. Solar gas turbine systems: Design, cost and perspectives. Solar Energy 80 (2006) 1231-1240.

  37. Power Tower Combined Cycle Source: Schwarzbozl, P., et al. Solar gas turbine systems: Design, cost and perspectives. Solar Energy 80 (2006) 1231-1240.

  38. Hybrid Power Tower Combined Cycle ConceptSolar Air Preheating Source: Romero, M. et al., An Update on Solar Central Receiver Systems, Projects, and Technologies. Journal of Solar Engineering, May 2002, Vol. 124, 98-104.

  39. Conceptual Design with Solar TurbinesRecuperated 3.5 MWe Gas Turbine Source: Schwarzbozl, P., et al. Solar gas turbine systems: Design, cost and perspectives. Solar Energy 80 (2006) 1231-1240.

  40. Reflective Tower Concept Source: Romero, M. et al., An Update on Solar Central Receiver Systems, Projects, and Technologies. Journal of Solar Engineering, May 2002, Vol. 124, 98-104.

  41. Solarization of Honeywell 75 kWeParallon Microturbine

  42. Homework Assignment • Prepare for quiz over CSP • Review slides for next lecture

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