Unit 7B: Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language

1. Unit 7B:Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language

2. Unit Overview • Thinking • Language • Thinking and Language Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. Introduction • Cognition (thinking) • Cognitive psychologists

4. Thinking

5. Concepts • Concepts • Category hierarchies • prototype

16. Solving ProblemsStrategies • Algorithms • Step-by-step • Heuristic • Insight

17. Solving ProblemsCreativity • Creativity • Strernberg’s five components • Expertise • Imaginative thinking skills • A venturesome personality • Intrinsic motivation • A creative environment

18. Solving ProblemsObstacles to Problem Solving • Confirmation bias • Fixation • Mental set • Functional fixedness

19. Solving ProblemsObstacles to Problem Solving • Confirmation bias • Fixation • Mental set • Functional fixedness

20. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics • The Representative Heuristic

21. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics • The Availability Heuristic

22. Making Decisions and Forming JudgmentsOverconfidence • Overconfidence

23. Making Decisions and Forming JudgmentsThe Belief Perseverance Phenomenon • Belief perseverance • Consider the opposite

24. Making Decisions and Forming JudgmentsThe Perils and Powers of Intuition • Intuition • Unconscious intuition

25. Making Decisions and Forming JudgmentsThe Effects of Framing • Framing • Framing experiments

26. Language

27. LanguageIntroduction • Language

28. Language StructurePhonemes • Phoneme • English about 40 phonemes • Learning another language’s phonemes

29. Language StructureMorphemes • Morpheme • Includes prefixes and suffixes

30. Language StructureGrammar • Grammar • Semantics • Syntax

31. Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language? • Receptive language • Productive language • Babbling stage • One-word stage • Two-word stage • Telegraphic speech

32. Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?

33. Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?

34. Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?

35. Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?

36. Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?

37. Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?

38. Language DevelopmentExplaining Language Development • Skinner: Operant Learning • Learning principles • Association • Imitation • Reinforcement

39. Language DevelopmentExplaining Language Development • Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar • Language acquisition device • Universal grammar

40. Language DevelopmentExplaining Language Development • Statistical Learning and Critical Periods • Statistical learning • Critical (sensitive) period

41. Thinking and Language

42. Language Influences Thinking • Whorf’s linguistic determinism • Bilingual advantage

43. Thinking in Images • Implicit memory

44. The End

45. Teacher Information • Types of Files • This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. • Animation • Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. • Adding slides to this presentation • Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

46. Teacher Information • Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). • Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. • Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

47. Definition Slides

48. Cognition = the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

49. Concept = a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

50. Prototype = a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).