Unit 7B: Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language

1. Unit 7B:Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language

2. Unit Overview • Thinking • Language • Thinking and Language Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. Introduction • Cognition (thinking) • Cognitive psychologists

4. Thinking

5. Concepts • Concepts • Category hierarchies • Some concepts form by definition • prototype

6. Solving ProblemsStrategies • Algorithms • Step-by-step • Heuristic • How can an heuristiclead to racial profiling? • Insight • pine, crab, sauce

7. Solving ProblemsCreativity • Creativity • Sternberg’s five components • Expertise • Imaginative thinking skills • A venturesome personality • Intrinsic motivation • A creative environment

8. Solving ProblemsObstacles to Problem Solving • Confirmation bias • Fixation • Mental set • Functional fixedness

9. Solving ProblemsObstacles to Problem Solving • Confirmation bias • Fixation • Mental set • Functional fixedness

10. True or False 1. Barak Obama is the President of the United States. 2. Tom Corbett is the governor of Pennsylvania. 3. Luke Ravenstahl is the mayor of Pittsburgh. 4. Mr. Finch is the principal of Hampton High School. 5. Stephen Harper is the Prime Minister of Canada. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Psychologists interviewed 30 engineers and 100 lawyers. One of them, Jack, is a 45 year old married man with 4 children. He is generally conservative, cautious, and ambitious. He shows no interest in politics or social issues and spends most of his free time on home carpentry, sailing, and solving mathematical puzzles. What is the probability that Jack is one of the 30 engineers?

11. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics • The Representative Heuristic • Base rate fallacy: tendency to judge the probability of an event based entirely upon irrelevant information, instead of the base rate probability of that event.

12. Which of the following are the more frequent causes of death in the United States? • All accidents or strokes? ____% certain • Suicide or blood poisoning? _____% certain • Homicide or diabetes? ____% certain • Motor vehicle accident or colorectal cancer? ____% certain • Drowning or leukemia? ____% certain • Which city has the higher crime rate? • Chicago, IL or Kansas City, MO? ____% certain • Las Vegas, NV or Stockton, CA? ____% certain • Miami, FL or Phoenix, AZ? ____% certain • Honolulu, HI or Raleigh, NC ____% certain • New York, NY or Aurora, IL? ____% certain

13. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics • The Availability Heuristic

14. The anchoring heuristic * people make decisions based on certain ideas or standards they hold, ideas or standards that serve as an anchor for them * beliefs about politics, religion . . .

15. Making Decisions and Forming JudgmentsOverconfidence • Overconfidence

16. Making Decisions and Forming JudgmentsThe Belief Perseverance Phenomenon • Belief perseverance • Consider the opposite

17. Making Decisions and Forming JudgmentsThe Perils and Powers of Intuition • Intuition • Unconscious intuition

18. Making Decisions and Forming JudgmentsThe Effects of Framing • Framing • Framing experiments

19. Language

20. LanguageIntroduction • Language • 6800 estimatedlanguages • 250 spoken by morethan 1 million people • 66% of world’s children are bilingual

21. Language StructurePhonemes • Phoneme • English about 40 phonemes • “d”, “ch”, “sh”, . . . • How many phonemes in “this”? • consonant phonemes carry more information than vowel phonemes • The trethefthesstetemant shad be evedentframthesbrifdemenstretien.

22. Language StructureMorphemes • Morpheme • Includes prefixes and suffixes • “cat”, “pre-”, “-ed”

23. Language StructureGrammar • Grammar • Semantics • surface structure • deep structure • “They were hunting dogs.” • Syntax

24. Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language? • Receptive language • Productive language • Babbling stage • One-word stage • Two-word stage • Telegraphic speech • 60,000 words between age 1 and graduation

25. Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?

26. Language DevelopmentExplaining Language Development • Skinner: Operant Learning • Learning principles • Association • Imitation • Reinforcement

27. Language DevelopmentExplaining Language Development • Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar • Language acquisition device

28. Language DevelopmentExplaining Language Development • Statistical Learning and Critical Periods • Statistical learning • Critical (sensitive) period

29. Thinking and Language

30. Language Influences Thinking • Whorf’s linguistic determinism • Bilingual advantage

31. Thinking in Images • Implicit memory

32. The End

33. Teacher Information • Types of Files • This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. • Animation • Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. • Adding slides to this presentation • Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

34. Teacher Information • Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). • Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. • Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

35. Teacher Information • Continuity slides • Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. • By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. • By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. • To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. • Please feel free to contact me at kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022 262-253-3400 kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us

36. Division title (green print)subdivision title (blue print) • xxx • xxx • xxx

37. Division title (green print)subdivision title (blue print) Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished

38. Definition Slide = add definition here

39. Definition Slides

40. Cognition = the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

41. Concept = a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

42. Prototype = a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

43. Algorithm = a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier – but also more error-prone – use of heuristics.

44. Heuristic = a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

45. Insight = a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

46. Creativity = the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

47. Confirmation Bias = a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

48. Fixation = the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

49. Mental Set = a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

50. Functional Fixedness = the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.