Cognition 7A – Memory 7B – Thinking, Problems Solving, Creativity, and Language

1. Cognition 7A – Memory 7B – Thinking, Problems Solving, Creativity, and Language

2. Memory Memory - the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. Examples:

3. The Memory Process Three step process…. • Encoding: The processing of information into the memory system. • Getting the info into the brain • Example: • Storage: The retention of encoded material over time. • Retaining the info • Example: • Retrieval: The process of getting the information out of memory storage. • Getting the info back out • Example:

4. 4 Memory Models • Information Processing Model • Atkinson-Shiffrin 3 stage model • Modified Atkinson-Shiffrin • Connectivism Model

5. Information Processing Model of Memory • Information Processing Model – • Simplified Memory Model • Encoding – • Storage – • Retrieval – • Analogous to a computer

6. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s 3 Step Model of Memory • Sensory memory – brief recording of sensory information • Example: • Short-term memory – memory that holds few items briefly before info is forgotten • Example • Long –term memory – relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory. • Example

7. Sensory Memory • Sensory Memory - A split second holding tank for ALL sensory information • Examples:. • Iconic Memory – • Echoic Memory –

8. Short Term Memory • Short –term memory – memory that holds a few items briefly (7 digits +/-2) until it is forgotten or stored Short Term Memory Activity

9. Long Term Memory • Long-term memory - Unlimited storehouse of knowledge, skills and experiences. • Examples:

10. Modified Atkinson – Shiffrin (3 Stage) Model • Working Memory –conscious, active processing of auditory and visual-spatial info. and info from long term memory • Our memory sketchpad • Example –

11. Modified Three-stage Model of Memory

12. Connectionism Model of Memory • Connectionism – theory that states that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections between neurons • Many neurons may work together to process a single memory

13. How We Encode 2 Types of Encoding • Automatically Processing • Automatic • Parallel • Effortful processing • Rehearsal

14. Encoding - Automatic Processing Automatic Processing - unconscious encoding of incidental information • Examples: • Time – • space – • Frequency – • well learned info –

15. Automatic Processing • Parallel Processing – processing of many things simultaneously • Example:

16. Encoding – Effortful Processing • Effortful Processing –encoding that requires conscious effort and attention • Example: • Rehearsal – conscious repetition of info to encode it for storage • Example:

17. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve • Ebbinghaus Curve - The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning • Overlearning –

18. Effortful Processing • Spacing effect – distributed study is better for long-term recall than massed study (cramming) • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!!!!!!!! • Example: • Testing effect – repeated quizzing or testing improves retention • Example:

19. Encoding Information • Serial Positioning Effect – we tend to remember the first and last items on a list • Primacy Effect – remember items at the beginning of a list • Example: • Recency Effect – remembering items at the end of a list (most recent • Example: • Rostorff effect – remembering unique items on a list • Example:

20. Encoding Exercise What We Encode… • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture/visual images. Example – 2. Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. Example: 3. Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning. Example:

21. Encoding Exercise Visual Encoding • Imagery – visual images help us remember concrete words (aided by semantic encoding) Example: • Rosy Retrospection – recalling high points, forgetting theworst • Example:

22. Encoding Exercise Mneumonics • Mnemonic Devices – any memory aid that uses visual images and organizational devices • EXAMPLES: • Peg word system – memorizing a jingle and using imagery to associate items with the jingle Example: 2. Method of Loci – use visual information with familiar objects on a path to recall info on a list • Example:

23. Encoding Exercise Mneumonics 3. Hierarchies – broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts • Example: 4. Chunking- Organizing items into familiar, manageable units (acronyms) • Example: Every Good Boy Does Fine 1-800-IBM-HELP

24. Acoustic Encoding • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. • Examples:

25. Semantic Encoding • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning. • Examples: • Self Reference Effect – the tendency to remember information that is “relevant to me” compared to less personally relevant information • Example:

26. Storage Types of Memory • Sensory Memory • Iconic • Echoic • Working Memory/Short-term • Long-Term Memory • Implicit Memory/Procedural Memory • Conditioned Memories • Explicit Memory • Episodic Memory • Semantic Memory • Flashbulb Memories • Prospective memory

27. Sensory Memory • Sperling’s memory experiment • Momentary photographic memory • After flashing an image, participants had a momentary mental image of all 9 letters • Iconic memory – photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second • Examples:

28. Sensory Memory • Echoic memory – auditory memory lasting no more than a 3-4 seconds (mind’s echo chamber) • Example:

29. Working/Short-Term Memory • Duration – Brief (30 sec or less) without active processing • Capacity - Limited • The list of magic sevens

30. Long-Term Memory • Duration – • Capacity -

31. Types of Long Term Memory • Implicit Memory/Procedural Memory • Conditioned Memories • Explicit Memory • Episodic Memory • Semantic Memory • Flashbulb Memories

32. Types of Long-Term Memory

33. Implicit Memories • Implicit/Procedural Memories – without conscious recall • Examples: • Conditioned Memories – memories from conditioned learning • Example:

34. Explicit Memories • Explicit Memories – memories of facts and experiences, consciously recalled • Processed by the Example: • Infantile amnesia– can’t remember events before age 3

35. Explicit Memories • Episodic Memories- memories of autobiographical events, situations, and experiences • Example: • Semantic Memories – memory of words, meanings, and understandings • Example:

36. Explicit Memories • FlashbulbMemories – clear moment of a emotionally significant event • Example: • Prospective Memory – remembering to perform a planned action • Example:

37. Storing Memories Memory trace – memory is distributed across groups of neurons Long Term-Potentiation – Increases in synaptic firing potential of a neuron by increasing the number of receptors on the receiving neuron. • Memory boosting drugs • CREB – • Glutamate –

38. Amnesia • Amnesia – loss of memory • Retrograde Amnesia – inability to remember past events • Example • Anterograde Amnesia – inability to create new memories • Examples:

39. Retrieval Recognition - you must identify the target from possible targets Example: • Recall - you must retrieve the information from your memory • Example:

40. Ways to help you retrieve info • Relearning – learning material for the second time, saves time. • Example: • Retrieval Cues – anchor points used to access target info for retrieval later • Example: • Priming – unconscious activation of associations in memory • Example:

41. The Context Matters!!! • Mood Congruent Memory – recalling memories consistent with current mood • Example: • State Dependent Memory –learning that takes place in one physiological "state" is generally better remembered later in a similar physiological state • Example:

42. Context Matters • Context-dependent memory - memory is more easily recalled if you are in the same setting that learning took place • Example: • Déjà vu – eerie sense that you’ve experienced something before • Example:

43. Forgetting • Encoding Failures • Storage Decay • Retrieval Failures

44. Forgetting • Schacter’s sevens sins of memory • Sins of Forgetting • Sins of distortion • Sin of intrusion

45. Encoding Failure Example – What should you do to prevent an encoding failure?

46. Storage Decay Ebbinghaus Curve Apply the Ebbinghaus curve to Psych Class

47. Retrieval Failure

48. Retrieval Failures • Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information. • Example: • Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information. • Example: • PORN • Positive Transfer – old info helps you learn new info • Example: • Tip of the tongue phenomenon -

49. Motivated Forgetting • Motivated Forgetting – revising past memories • Repression – (Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory) • A defense mechanism that banishes painful memories from consciousness to minimize anxiety • Example:

50. Constructive Memory • Constructed memory (Loftus) - a created memory, altered when encoded or retrieved. • Misinformation effect • Imagination effect • Source amnesia