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Explore the history, structure, and functions of cells, from Robert Hooke to electron microscopes. Learn about cell theory, membrane functions, classification, and cellular movements.
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Robert Hooke • First to describe cells • Used a compound microscope • _______________ • Actually looking at ___________ cells
Antony van Leeuwenhoek • Made many microscopes (single lens) • Describes several types of cells • First to study living, moving organisms with microscope
Cell Theory • All living things are composed of ______ • Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things • New cells are produced from ___________________
Compound Microscope Staph Bacteria Under Compound Microscope
Electron Microscopes • Transmission (TEM) • Specimens cut into very thin slices • Beam of electron pass through • Scanning (SEM) • Samples are dehydrated, put in a vacuum, and sometimes coated in materials like gold • Electrons are bounced off the surface • Producing 3-D image of surfaces
Electron Microscope Staph Bacteria under Electron Microscope
Classifying Cells • Prokaryote • Lack organized structures • Circular loop of nucleic acid • No ______________ • Ex: bacteria and blue-green algae • Eukaryote • Organized structures called _____________ • DNA in ____________ • Ex: animal, plant, fungi, and protists
Eukaryotic Cells • Three Regions • _________________ • __________ • ___________
Cell Membrane • Function • Regulate what comes in and out of cell • Communication • Protection and Support • ________________ • Double layer of lipid molecules • Fluid Mosaic • Lipid molecules with other pieces (protein and carbohydrates) embedded • Membrane in constant movement
Phospholipid • _________ Head • Hydrophilic • Attracted to water • __________ Tail • Hydrophobic • Does not want to be near water
Membrane Proteins • Allow larger molecules to pass through membrane • Can regulate what comes in or out
Other Molecules • Cholesterol • Stabilize the membrane • Keep non-polar tails from sticking to each other • Carbohydrate Chains • _____________________
Cell Wall • _____________ • Rigid outer layer covering cell membrane • Allow plants to support heavy structures like flowers • Contains ________ and various proteins
Movements Across Membranes • __________ Transport • Diffusion (Simple and Facilitated) • ______________ • ___________ Transport • Protein Pump • Endocytosis and Exocytosis • Movement is controlled by ___________
Concentration Amount of _________ (dissolved substance) in a volume of solution Expressed as ________________ Amount of mass is proportional to the concentration Volume is inversely proportional to the concentration
Passive Transport Movement from area of ________ concentration to an area of ______ concentration (down concentration gradient) Requires ______ energy Ex: Diffusion (Simple and Facilitated) and Osmosis
Diffusion • Movement of _____ from high to low concentrations • Requires no energy • Continues unit equilibrium is reached
Facilitated Diffusion • Solute cannot simply cross cell membrane because it is semi-permeable • Solute movement is aided by ______________________ • Allows diffusion of molecules that are too large to diffuse through membrane using simple diffusion
Osmosis • Movement of ________ from an area of high to low concentration • Requires no energy • Solutions surrounding cells can be • ______tonic – solution has a high [solute] compared to the inside of the cell • _____tonic- solution has the same [solute] as the inside of the cell • _____tonic- solution has a low [solute] compared to the inside of the cell
Active Transport • Movement solute from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _______ concentration (across or up the concentration gradient) • Requires energy (using ________) • Ex: Protein Pumps, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
Protein Pumps • Membrane Protein pumps solute across cell membrane • Solute moving from low to high concentration • Requires ATP energy
Endocytosis and Exocytosis • Movement of large materials across cell membrane • Endocytosis • Movement ________ cell • Pocket of membrane pinches off to form vesicle (membrane circle surrounding material) • Two types • Phagocytosis- ______________________ • Pinocytosis- _____________________ • Exocytosis • Movement ________ of cell
Cytoplasm • Everything inside to cell membrane except for the _____________ • Includes the fluid cytosol
Where do organelles come from? • Thought to originally be prokaryotes that formed a symbiotic relationship with another cell • Evidence • Many organelles are surrounded by two membranes • Some organelles contain their own ______
Nucleus • _____________ of Cell • Double membrane w/ many __________ • Contains DNA • Chromatin • Chromosomes • Nucleolus • Small dark region’ • Makes __________
Ribosome • Makes __________ • Two subunits made of RNA and protein • Found free floating in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Series of membrane bound canals • Two Types • ____________ • Studded w/ ribosomes • Processes and transports proteins • _____________ • No ribosomes • Processes and transports lipids
Golgi Apparatus • Stack of flattened pancake-like membranes • Modifies, packages, and ships out lipids and proteins
Lysosome • Vesicle filled w/ digestive enzymes • Breaks down _____________ • Aids in programmed cell death (apoptosis)
Vacuole • Animals • Many small membrane bound sacs • Storage compartments • Plants • Usually one large central sac • Storage sac and helps establish turgor pressure to keep plant upright
Mitochodria • Double membrane • Inner membrane highly folded • _____________of cell (makes ATP’s) • Only inherited from mother • Contains _______
Chloroplast • _______________ • Double membrane • Converts _______ energy into chemical energy • Contains chlorophyll pigment • Captures light energy • Contains ________
Cytoskeleton • Skeleton for Cell • Helps cell maintain shape • Provides support and protection • Aids in movement • Made of microtubules and microfilaments
Cilia • Short, hair-like microtubule extensions • Move in ______ motion • Move cell or move materials on the surface of cells • Cells usually have many
Flagella Long, whip-like microtubule extention Move in ______________ fashion Moves cells Cells usually only have one or a few
Centrioles • Only in ______ cells • Grouped microtubules • Aids in ___________ • Moves chromosomes with spindle fibers
Unicellualer Organisms • Organism made of _______ cell • Very simple • One cell performs all the functions of life • Ex: ______________
Multicellular Organisms Organisms made of many cells More complex Cells _______________ and perform certain functions (cell differentiation) All cells work together to perform all the functions of life Ex: _____________________
Levels of Organization (cont) __________ Molecule Macromolecule ___________ Tissue- cells working together towards a common goal ________- tissue working together towards a common goal Organ system- organ working together towards a common goal __________