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THE CALCULATOR

THE CALCULATOR. DANIEL L EE NURI MARTINEZ. WHAT IS A CALCULATOR?. A calculator is a device that performs simple and complex arithmetic operation on numbers. It was originally invented to make addition and subtraction faster and less error-prone.

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THE CALCULATOR

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  1. THE CALCULATOR DANIEL LEE NURI MARTINEZ

  2. WHAT IS A CALCULATOR? • A calculator is a device that performs simple and complex arithmetic operation on numbers. • It was originally invented to make addition and subtraction faster and less error-prone. • Created around 2000 B.C. it has evolved from the bean abacus to the pocket calculators we use today.

  3. 3000B.C: THE ABACUS • The first calculator was the abacus, a hand operated calculator made out of beads on rods. • Developed in China around 3000 B.B. First used by the Egyptians and Sumerians around 2000 B.C. • A frame held a series of rods, with ten sliding beads on each. When all the beads had been slid across the first rod, it was time to move one across on the next, showing the number of tens, and thence to the next rod, showing hundreds, and so on.

  4. 1622: THE SLIDE RULE • Once logarithms were developed by John Napier, Edward Gunter and William Oughtred, among others, created the slide rule in 1622. • The slide rule is a sliding stick (or discs) that uses logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division. • Evolved to allow advanced trigonometry, logarithms, exponentials, and square roots.

  5. 1642-1886: MECHANICAL CALCULATORS • The first mechanical calculator appeared in 1642, the creations of French intellectual Blaise Pascal as “a device that will eventually perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence.” • Ultimately failed to produce a fully-operational machine. Had to wait until 1820 and the patenting in France of Thomas de Colmar’s four function Arithmometer. • The development of hand cranked adding machines was seen in the Americas like the Grant Mechanical Calculating Machine of 1877 and, more famously the P100 Burroughs Adding Machine developed by William Seward Burroughs in 1886.

  6. 1887-1948: MOVE TOWARDS MODERN CALCULATORS • A further step forward happened in 1887 when Dorr. E. Felt’s US-patented key driven ‘Comptometer’ took calculating into the push button age. • The Curta Calculator of 1948 was so compact it could fit into a pocket while being capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

  7. 1961-1967: ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS • The first step to electronic calculating for the office wasn’t seen until 1961 with ANITA (A New Inspiration To Arithmetic/Accounting), • This was the world’s first all-electronic desktop calculator and it was developed in Britain by Control Systems Ltd., marketed under its Bell Punch and Sumlock brands. • Used the same push button key layout as the company’s mechanical comptometers, but the rest was done electronically, using a mix of vacuum and cold cathode ‘Dekatron’ counting tubes.

  8. 1968-2014: MODERN CALCULATORS • In 1967, Texas Instruments released their Cal Tech prototype, a calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, divide, and print results to a paper tape while being compact enough to be hand held. It was a significant step towards modern calculators. • Although the Cal Tech still used transistors, it only took 2 years until calculators could be made using low power consumption chips, allowing reduction of size and power consumption. The first of these was Sharp’s QT-8D Micro Compet from Japan. • These calculators became obsolete almost as soon as they were introduced, as different companies made smaller calculators at lower prices using more convenient power sources, like batteries, and incorporating data through ROM, RAM, and floppy disk.. • By 1980, calculators had reached the forms we recognize today, with compact size, single chips and LCD displays, operated by dome switch keyboards, powered by solar cells or batteries, and capable of a number of functions including graphing. These calculators are now available virtually on computers, tablets, and cell phones.

  9. Examples Of Existing Patents : Who uses Calculators ? calculators are used by many people. they are used in school a lot. scientist and engineers use them too, banks and many other places that include money use calculators • electronic patents • calculator pen patents • major electronic companies

  10. Global Impact on Society and The Environment • The calculator has had a profound impact on the world, making computations quicker and more exact. In the classroom, calculators have given many students the ability to learn about and put complex formulas and concepts into practice more easily. • However, there has been some controversy regarding the use of powerful calculators in class, because some believe that using the devices to do the work that people's brains once did can result in the loss of true mathematical ability. Recent research suggests that advanced physics students, for example, can often be hampered in their learning by an over-reliance on mathematical aids. • Calculators have even moved online and have a number of practical applications, like weight loss calculators and conversion calculators. • Engineers continue to make advancements in calculator technology, and as they become more and more complex, the lines between personalcomputers and classic calculators may continue to blur. For their current models, some companies are exploring more ecologically sound components, including the development of more efficient and recyclable power sources, and even using materials like recycled cellular phones in their manufacturing.

  11. If you had the ability to change this product in any way, what would you change ? Nuri : Daniel : I would change it to have easier mechanics for calculus functions. I would have it so that you can instantly integrate an equation just by pushing a few numbers instead of searching through a sizable database of functions. i would probably make it easier to use and easier to understand (the symbols ) i would also make it smaller but smarter and easy to carry around too. i would have mine solve equations and show you the answers or how it got it .

  12. Citations Clifton, Jacob. "How Calculators Work" 10 February 2010. HowStuffWorks.com. <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/other-gadgets/calculator.htm> 12 August 2014. Sebastian, Mike. "CALCULATOR RELATED PATENTS." CALCULATOR RELATED PATENTS. N.p., 2 Jan. 2005. Web. 12 Aug. 2014. <http://www.rskey.org/~mwsebastian/patents/patents.htm>. Valentine, Nick. "The History of the Calculator." The History of the Calculator. N.p., 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 11 Aug. 2014. <http://www.thecalculatorsite.com/articles/units/history-of-the-calculator.php>.

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