Chapter 18

1. Chapter 18 Review The Development of Labor

2. What is an organization of workers formed to improve working conditions? Labor union

3. The struggle between coal operators and what group greatly influenced the national union movement? United Mine Workers of America

4. Where did the miners live? Company houses

5. What were three conditions that drove miners to unionize? • Long hours • Low pay • Dangerous working conditions • No job security • No benefits • No voice in operating the mine

6. List five of the conditions in early coal mines that made it unsafe? Explosions Cave-ins and Slate falls Gas filled mines Water seepage Small working areas

7. Where did the miners have to shop? Company stores

8. How were miners paid? Company scrip

9. Before being hired, all miners had to sign this, which pledged him not to join a union and if this pledge was broken, the miner was automatically fired. Yellow-dog contract

10. contains the names of individuals or companies to be avoided or punished blacklist

11. Why was it necessary to pass child labor laws preventing the employment of anyone under 16 years of age in the mines? Working conditions were dangerous, and many children were dropping out of school to go to work.

12. When workers joined together and stopped working until the employer treated them fairly is called what? Strike

13. a person who is willing to work for a company while its regular employees are on strike scab

14. What kind of workers led the first major strike in West Virginia? Railroad

15. What is a sever, continued downturn in the economy marked by decreased business activity, unemployment, and falling prices and wages? Depression

16. Why was it especially difficult for women and minorities to gain entrance into the craft unions? The Unions controlled who could become members. Men had to have a father or uncle in the union before they could become apprentices.

17. By law, this governor was required to protect the companies property. Governor Henry Mathews

18. What president sent in federal troops to stop the strikers. President Rutherford B. Hayes

19. What was the first national federation of workers? Nobel and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor

20. Who took over as Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor and increased membership and led a successful strike against the railroad? Terrence Powderly

21. What new federation of trade union began as a loose alliance of other unions? American Federation of Labor (AF of L)

22. an order issued by a judge stating that something must or must not be done, such as an order forbidding picketing by a labor union on strike injunction

23. Who was the founder of the AF of L? Samuel Gompers

24. What did Samuel Gompers do to help stabilize American unionism? He helped unions obtain a stronger bargaining position and developed policies and financing that led to successful strikes

25. Who was the “Steel Drivin Man”? John Henry

27. John Henry Memorial At the Big Bend Tunnel near Talcott

28. Who had the job of using a sledgehammer to drive the steel drill? Driver

29. Who had the job of holding and rotating the drill? Shaker

30. Who had the job of placing the explosives? Powder monkey

31. Where was the tunnel that John Henry was working in? Big Bend Tunnel near Talcott

34. What where The State Militia, Injunctions, Companies Private Armed Guards, and Scabs, known as? “unholy four”

35. The National Miners’ Union and The Knights of Labor were merged to form what union? United Mine Workers of America

36. These agreements were negotiated in what contract?1. Wages would be 2.25 cents for every bushel of 1 inch screened coal2. Union workers would be returned to their old jobs 3. Discrimination against employees because of their connections with any organization was forbidden 4. Interference in the mines by members of the Ku Klux Klan was prohibited 5. The company was required to hire a check weighmen Harewood contract

37. Who was called the “miners angel”? Mary “Mother” Jones

38. Mary Mother Jones

39. What was an unwritten law based on earlier court decisions? Common Law

40. Because some of the labor groups believed they needed a greater political voice to address their common concerns, what organization was formed? West Virginia Federation of Labor

41. Where was the worst disaster in coal mining history? Monongah, in Marion County

42. In 1910 the U.S. Congress created what governmental organization? Bureau of Mines

43. What changes in industry brought about a reduction in the number of skilled craftsmen? • Larger factories • More mechanization • The use of immigrants

44. Replacing craftsmen with machines that require little skill to operate is known as what? Mechanization

45. What group of people came into West Virginia and took the worst jobs and competed for the new ones? immigrants

46. Where was a tent colony set up? Holly Grove

47. The miners who marched wore red bandanas around their necks for identification.This is where what term originated? “red-neck”

48. What detective agency was hired to protect company property? Baldwin-Felts

49. What did Governor William Glasscock do to keep order at Paint Creek ? Declared martial law

50. This type of warfare refers to harassment or attacks by small independent groups? Guerrilla warfare