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Radiation Safety & Start Up Training Innov-X Systems Ken Smith National Sales Manager. Radiation Safety Innov-X Systems X-Ray Fluorescence. Bill Caughie – Regional Sales Mgr. Office: 412-916-9286 Fax: 412-787-1552. Call Innov-X Systems !!!. Training Objective. SAFETY!
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Radiation Safety & Start Up TrainingInnov-X Systems Ken SmithNational Sales Manager
Radiation Safety Innov-X SystemsX-Ray Fluorescence Bill Caughie – Regional Sales Mgr. Office: 412-916-9286 Fax: 412-787-1552
Training Objective • SAFETY! • Understand Radiation! • Understand Regulations • Understand Instrumentation
Radiation wavelength in angstrom units 8 6 4 2 -2 -4 -6 10 10 10 10 1 10 10 10 Radio Infrared V Ultra-Violet X-Rays Cosmic Rays i Light s i b l e Gamma Rays 4 - 10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 2 2 10 10 10 10 10 1 10 10 Photon energy in million electron volts (MeV) Electromagnetic Radiation
Radiation Overview • Radiation - form of energy (particles/waves) • Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum -EMR • Radio frequency • Microwave • Infra-red • Visible Light • Ultraviolet - UV • X-Ray • Gamma Radiation
Types of Radiation • Radiation - Form of Energy • Ionizing >10eV • Cause ionization of atoms • Eject electrons atoms - Make “charged” atoms • non - Ionizing • Does NOT Cause ionization
Ionizing Radiation • Particles (FAST!) • alpha particles (2 neutrons + 2 protons) • beta particles (electrons) • neutrons • Waves (High Energy Light!) • X - Rays • Gamma Rays
Tube Leakage Tube Leakage X-Ray Production Vacuum Tube Vacuum Tube Cathode - Electrons Anode - Target (W) (Ag) Wire Filament Filter Power
Penetration of Ionizing Radiation GAMMA & X-RAY BETA ALPHA
Radiation Safety • RAD = Radiation Absorbed Dose • REM = Roentgen Equivalent Man • REM = RAD X Factor • (Factors X-ray=1, Alpha=20)
Biological Effects of Radiation • Most Sensitive - Rapidly dividing cells • Bone Marrow • Lining of digestive tract • Some skin cells • Least Sensitive • Bone • Muscle • Nerves
Standards & Guidelines • Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL’s) • National Council on Radiation Protection • International Commission on Radiological Protection • ALARA • Radiation Doses • 5 rems per year (whole body) • 50 rems (extremity or individual organ) • 0.5 rems during pregnancy
Exposure Calculations • <0.1 mREM/hr. • X 25 hr/day • = 2.5 mREM/day • X 400 days/year • = 1,000 mREM/year • or 1 REM/year • = 2% of reportable exposure
Safety Factors • Time, Distance, Shielding • Time - Limit Exposure Dose • Distance - Maintain Safe Distance • Inverse square law • Shielding - High Density Materials
Radiation Safety Summary • Radiation Overview • Types of Radiation • Biological Effects of Radiation • Standards and Guidelines • Monitoring Instruments • Safety Factors (Time, Distance, Shielding) • Control Programs
A few words about Radiation Safety • The Innov-X analyzers does produce radiation and the user should be aware of this • Radiation exposure is negligible with proper use and small with occasional incorrect use
A few more words about radiation safety • Practice “ALARA.” All radiation exposure should be “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” • This means: • Do not put fingers, or any other body part in front of the analyzer window. • Verify that no one else stands within 3 paces of the analyzer window when instrument is on. • Correct operation of instrument involves leaving one hand on handle, and making sure the other hand is away from the window.
Safety Factors • Time, Distance, Shielding • Time - Limit Exposure Dose • Distance - Maintain Safe Distance • Inverse square law • Shielding - High Density Materials
Standards & Guidelines • Maximum Permissible Limits (MPL’s) • National Council on Radiation Protection • International Commission on Radiological Protection • ALARA • Radiation Doses • 5 rems per year (whole body) • 50 rems (extremity or individual organ) • 0.5 rems during pregnancy
Typical Radiation Exposures • Airline Attendant 1,000 mR/yr • Nuclear Power Worker 700 mR/yr • Grand Central Station 120 mR/yr • Medical Personnel 70 mR/yr • Lead Inspector 20 mR/yr • University Researcher <10 mR/yr • Chest X-ray 100 mR/each
Exposure Calculations@ Trigger • <0.1 mREM/hr. • X 25 hr/day • = 2.5 mREM/day • X 400 days/year • = 1,000 mREM/year • or 1 REM/year • = 2% of reportable exposure
Misuse Example #1 • Dose to fingers and/or hand in this example is a maximum of 28,000 mrem/hour. • Over exposure occurs in 2 hours of window exposure at the hand.
Misuse Example #2 • Dose at exit of sampling window is approximately 28,000 mrem/hr. A 10 second exposure in contact with Torso = 77.8 mrem • Repeat misuse 64 times/year exceeds 5,000 mrem limit.
Safety Features • “Deadman” Trigger • Software trigger lock • Software “proximity sensor” • Test Stand
Deadman Trigger • Trigger must be held for duration of test. • Releasing the trigger ends test • This ensure that users intentionally start each test • Prevents user from walking away and leaving instrument on • If user picks up analyzer and inadvertently pulls trigger, test will end as soon as trigger is released
Deadman Trigger • This feature may be disabled upon customer request AFTER complete radiation safety training • It is recommended that this feature is only disabled for companies where only one or two users use the analyzer in a controlled setting • Deactivation is NOT recommended in situations where instrument is shared by many users or in spaces occupied by large numbers of people.
Trigger Lock • User must release software trigger lock before testing • Once released, trigger lock remains disabled until 5 minutes elapse after the end of a test
“Software Proximity Sensor” • Instrument will shut off after 1-2 seconds if sample is not present. • Analyzer checks count rate, if count rate is not significantly above air rate, x-rays shut off
Test Stand Option • Allows for “Hands-Free” Operation of instrument • Ideal for turnings and other small parts, Soil Samples, etc.
Use Common Sense! • Remember, when energized, X-rays come out of the front of the analyzer and act accordingly. • Prevent exposure to front of analyzer when instrument is on • Pay attention to all warning lights on instrument
Basic Instrument Operation Innov-X Analyzers
Trigger and Trigger Lock • Tests can be started and stopped via either the trigger or the iPAQ. • Trigger lock should be put on immediately after pulling trigger to prevent inadvertent start of test.
Batteries • Charge Batteries completely before use. • Only use Innov-X approved charger • Insert batteries in base of unit - Battery is keyed to fix in correct position
iPAQ Power Considerations • iPAQ is powered by analyzer main battery. • iPAQ’s internal processes consume power, even when not in use. • A fully charge iPAQ can loose power sitting on a shelf for several weeks – leave iPAQ plugged in when not in use. • If iPAQ battery is completely drained, it will not be possible to use iPAQ in analyzer until iPAQ is charged and date is set • Any programs added to the main memory will be deleted, but Innov-X program and data are fine.
Storage Card • All Innov-X Data and Programs are stored in storage card. They will not be erased even if iPAQ battery • For proper operation, iPAQ must storage card firmly pushed into the card slot
Placing iPAQ in Analyzer • iPAQ must be seated properly to communicate • Be careful with the connector! • Slide iPAQ forward (towards snout) before lifting. Do not angle iPAQ upwards until it is clear of connector
Power on instrument • Main Power on rear of analyzer below LCD display • Momentary on switch • Must hold for 3 seconds to turn off • iPAQ has separate on/off switch
Start Software • Select Start from upper right hand corner of iPAQ screen. • Select the Innov-X Systems Software from the drop down menu.
Radiation Notice • Read Notice and click start
Select Mode • Select mode by clicking on name
Initialization • Analyzer electronics “warm up” • Detector is cooled to proper temperature • Takes 2 minutes
Tap to Standardize • Instrument requires standardization before measurements can be started • Place standardization mask on front of analyzer • Tap to Standardize