Civil Rights and the Great Society

1. Civil Rights and the Great Society

2. During World War I, the 400,000 African Americans who served in the armed services believed that a victory for democracy abroad would help them to achieve democracy and equality at home This wartime optimism made postwar discrimination and hatred difficult to endure NAACP Marcus Garvey Black Nationalism Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

3. Marcus Garvey, Black Nationalist. This portrait was taken in 1924, after Garvey’s conviction on mail fraud.

4. Critics of Garvey were also involved in a growing civil rights movement in the early twentieth century Ida Wells-Barnett W. E. B. Du Bois

5. Portrait of Ida Wells-Barnett

6. A. Philip RandolphPresident of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) • Randolph delivering a Presidential Address on “Constitution Night” at the Second National Negro Congress, Philadelphia, 1937. Behind Randolph is a giant banner with a picture of Abraham Lincoln and the words: “All men are created equal.”

7. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) Executive Order 8802 Claude McKay Committee on Civil Rights (1946) Discrimination was costly to the country and wasteful of talent Major League Baseball Jackie Robinson Branch Rickey

8. Fighting For Civil Rights During World War II • A. Philip Randolph carrying sign, “If Negroes must fight, let them fight as free men, not as Jim Crow slaves!” during a demonstration for civil rights in the military

9. Jackie Robinson

10. It would be another decade before all Major League Baseball teams accepted integration Restrictive covenants In 1950, the Supreme Court ruled that under the Fourteenth Amendment racial segregation in state-financed graduate and law schools was unconstitutional Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) Chief Justice Warren James O. Eastland White Citizens’ Council

11. NAACP Lawyers (Including Thurgood Marshall, center) Celebrating Brown v. Board of Education

12. Emmett Till Rosa Parks Montgomery, Alabama Dr. Martin Luther King Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Civil Rights Act of 1957 Commission on Civil Rights Lunch Counter Sit-ins Greensboro, North Carolina

13. Rosa Parks Being Fingerprinted After Her Arrest

15. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Freedom Rides In 1961, Kennedy administration sent federal marshals to protect the freedom riders Birmingham, Alabama Sixteenth Street Baptist Church The Kennedy Administration hoped to shape the direction and pace of change by passing laws to get demonstrators “off the streets and into the courts.”

16. Racial Violence in Birmingham, Alabama (1963)

17. Martin Luther King “I Have a Dream” Speech 1963 March on Washington John Lewis

18. The Great Society

19. On assuming the presidency, Lyndon Baines Johnson pushed the passage of civil rights legislation The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title VI – outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, national origin, or sex Freedom Summer Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

20. Freedom school library, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 1964.

21. Rabbi Arthur Lelyveld, Hattiesburg, MS, 1964. After being beaten by a racist with a tire iron while trying to register voters.

22. Volunteer Jim Nance, a minister, heading into the Black community to do voter registration canvassing.

23. Selma to Montgomery March Martin Luther King, Jr. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the Constitution – outlawed the poll tax in federal elections In 1960 only 20 percent of African Americans of voting age had been registered to vote – by 1971 it was 62 percent

24. A white resident of Selma, Alabama, offers her support to civil rights demonstrators

25. Johnson’s success in pushing through the 1965 Voting Rights Act stemmed in part for the 1964 presidential election Won the presidency in his own right by defeating the conservative Barry Goldwater of Arizona by one of the largest margins in history – 61.1 percent of the popular vote Johnson used his mandate not only to promote a civil rights agenda but also to establish what he called the “Great Society”

26. Barry Goldwater Lyndon Baines Johnson

28. Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) Higher Education Act (1965) Medicare and Medicaid (1965) Although the Great Society is usually associated with programs for the disadvantaged, many of Johnson’s initiatives actually benefited a wide spectrum of Americans National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities (1965)

29. Johnson administration pressed for the expansion of the national park system Highway Beautification Act of 1965 Under Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, Great Society programs emphasized quality of life The new reform climate also allowed Democrats to bring about significant revisions to immigration policy Immigration Act of 1965

30. Immigration quota system of the 1920s was abandoned The system was replaced with more equitable numerical limits on immigration from Europe, Africa, Asia, and countries in the Western Hemisphere The new system led to an immigrant influx far greater than anticipated Heaviest volume came from Asia and Latin America

31. During his campaign for civil rights legislation, Johnson also pursued the goal of putting “an end to poverty in our time” The War on Poverty To reduce poverty, the Johnson administration expanded long-established social insurance, welfare, and public works programs Expanded Social Security to include waiters and waitresses, domestic servants, farmworkers, and hospital employees

32. Social welfare expenditures increased rapidly Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) Food Stamps (1964) grew into a major program of assistance to low-income families Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) (1964) was the Great Society’s showcase in the War on Poverty

33. OEO programs produced some of the most innovative measures of the Johnson administration Head Start Job Corps and Neighborhood Youth Corps Upward Bound Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) By the end of 1965, the Johnson Administration had compiled the most impressive legislative record of liberal reforms since the New Deal

34. The Great Society never quite measured up to the extravagant promises made for it and by the end of the decade many of its programs were under attack American Medical Association (AMA) Johnson administration gradually phased out the Community Action Program and instead channeled spending for housing, social services, and other urban poverty programs through local municipal governments

35. The annual budget for the War on Poverty was less than $2 billion Despite the limited nature of the program, the statistical decline in poverty during the 1960s suggests that the Great Society was successful on some levels From 1963 to 1968, the proportion of Americans living below the poverty line dropped from 20 percent to 13 percent

36. Critics charged that the reduction in the poverty rate was due to the decade’s booming economy, not the War on Poverty In 1966, the federal government spent $22 billion on the Vietnam War and only $1.2 billion on poverty According to Martin Luther King Jr., the Great Society was “shot down on the battlefields of Vietnam

37. The End of the Great Society

38. Critics charged that the reduction in the poverty rate was due to the decade’s booming economy, not the War on Poverty In 1966, the federal government spent $22 billion on the Vietnam War and only $1.2 billion on poverty According to Martin Luther King Jr., the Great Society was “shot down on the battlefields of Vietnam

39. U. S. Troops in Vietnam, 1960-1973

40. The sons of the poor and working class shouldered a disproportionate amount of the fighting, forming an estimated 80 percent of the enlisted ranks Racism was a fact of everyday life The Cold War Consensus Unravels By the late 1960s, public opinion began to turn against the war July 1967 Gallup poll

41. Credibility Gap Economic developments put Johnson and his advisors even more on the defensive As a result of troubling political and economic developments, more Americans than during previous wars began to question the war in Vietnam War Resisters League Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom

42. Quakers SANE (The National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy) Physicians for Social Responsibility Women Strike for Peace Youth were among the key protestors of the era Between 1963 and 1965, peace activists in both older and newer organization staged protests, vigils, and letter-writing campaigns

43. June 1962 – Port Huron Statement Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Tom Hayden New Left University of California at Berkeley Free Speech Movement (FSM)

44. Free Speech demonstration at Berkeley, 1964

45. University of Michigan teach-in (1965) Selective Service System abolished automatic student deferments in January 1966 After 1967, nationwide student strikes, mass demonstrations and other organized protests became common Siege of the Pentagon

46. Counterculture Hippies Pete Seeger Joan Baez Jimi Hendrix “acid rock” Woodstock (August 1969)

47. Jimi Hendrix at Woodstock, August 1969

48. Racial militancy Nation of Islam Black Muslims Malcolm X Elijah Muhammad Stokely Carmichael Black Power

49. Black Panthers Bobby Seale Huey Newton Late-1960s urban riots Kerner Commission report (March 1968)