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Chapter 23

Chapter 23. Special Aids to Exercise Training and Performance. Pharmacologic Agents. IOC-banned substance categories Stimulants Narcotic analgesics Androgenic-anabolic steroids -Blockers Diuretics Peptide hormones and analogs Substances that alter urine sample integrity.

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Chapter 23

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  1. Chapter 23 Special Aids to Exercise Training and Performance McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  2. Pharmacologic Agents • IOC-banned substance categories • Stimulants • Narcotic analgesics • Androgenic-anabolic steroids • -Blockers • Diuretics • Peptide hormones and analogs • Substances that alter urine sample integrity McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  3. Anabolic Steroids • Structure and action • Sterol structure similar to testosterone • Increases muscle growth • Stacking • Combining multiple steroid preparations in oral and injectable form • Pyramiding • Progressively increasing the dosage McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  4. Anabolic Steroids • Drug with a considerable following • Becoming increasingly popular with more than just strength athletes • Effectiveness • Dosage is an important factor. • Training volume accompanies use. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  5. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  6. Anabolic Steroids • Side effects and medical risks • Cystic acne, “roid rage,” peliosis hepatitis, increased plasma lipoproteins • In males: testicular atrophy and gynecomastia • In females: clitoral enlargement, squaring of the jaw, lowering of voice • ACSM Position Statement on Anabolic Steroids McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  7. Growth Hormone • Genetic engineering comes to sports • Human growth hormone • Produced in the pituitary gland • Stimulates bone and cartilage growth • Enhances fatty acid oxidation • Reduces glucose and amino acid breakdown • Excess GH may result in • Gigantism • Acromegaly • No unanimity among researchers McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  8. DHEA: A Worrisome Trend? • DHEA • Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands • Claims for DHEA • Testosterone booster • Bolsters immune system • Preserves youth • Decreases fatigue and joint pain • Slows aging • Invigorates sex life • An unregulated compound with uncertain safety McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  9. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  10. Androstenedione • Claims • Stimulates production of endogenous testosterone • Enables one to train harder • Increases muscle mass • Rapidly repairs tissue injury • Research shows no effect of supplementation on basal serum testosterone or any training response on muscle size and strength. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  11. Amino Acid Supplements for an Anabolic Effect • Claims • Boost body’s natural production of • Testosterone • Growth hormone • Insulin-like growth factor I • Resulting in an increase in muscle mass and a reduction in fat mass McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  12. Amino Acid Supplements • Stimulating an anabolic effect • Consuming carbohydrate and/or protein immediately after resistance training augments hormonal response to the training. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  13. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  14. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  15. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  16. Amphetamines • Stimulate the CNS = sympathomimetics • Claims • Increase alertness • Decrease sensation of muscle fatigue • Dangers • Physiologic or emotional dependence • Headache, fever, dizziness, tremors • Suppression of normal responses to pain • Use and athletic performance • Do not enhance physical performance. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  17. Caffeine • Ergogenic effects • Proposed mechanism for ergogenic action • Increases use of fatty acids, sparing glycogen • Effects on muscle • May act directly on muscle to enable more prolonged endurance performance McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  18. Warning About Caffeine • Possible side effects • Nervous irritability • Muscle twitching • Psychomotor agitation • Elevated HR and blood pressure • Increased occurrence of PVCs • Insomnia McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  19. Ginseng • Claims • Boosts energy • Diminishes stress • No compelling scientific evidence of ergogenic effect McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  20. Ephedrine • Effects • Increases heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure • Bronchodilation • Hypertension, insomnia, irritability • Increases anaerobic power output, endurance • Possibly heart attack, stroke, death McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  21. Buffering Solutions • Claims • Pre-exercise alkalosis facilitates H+ efflux from the cell, delaying the fall in pH. • May be ergogenic for high-intensity endurance performance • Effect related to dosage and degree of anaerobic metabolism McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  22. Glutamine • Promotes muscle glycogen accumulation • May blunt immunosuppression from exhaustive exercise McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  23. Phosphatidylserine • May modify neuroendocrine response to stress • Diminishes ACTH and cortisol release • Does not affect growth hormone release McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  24. ß-Hydroxy-ß-Methylbutyrate (HMB) • Metabolite from the breakdown of leucine • Claims • Inhibits protein catabolism • Research • Ergogenic benefits may be transient. • FFM tends to revert to baseline. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  25. Nonpharmacologic Approaches • Red blood cell reinfusion—blood doping • How it works • Withdrawal of 1 – 4 units of blood • RBC are frozen. • Reinfusion 1 – 7 days prior to competition • Effects • Increases RBC number, oxygen-carrying capacity, and ability to perform endurance exercise McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  26. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  27. Hormonal Blood Boosting • Erythropoietin (EPO) • Synthetic version of a hormone produced by the kidneys • May increase RBC number by 12% • Unconventional or nonmedical administration may create < 60% increase. • Increases risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure, pulmonary edema McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  28. Other Means to Enhance Oxygen Transport • New substance classes • Perfluorocarbon emulsions • Bovine and human hemoglobin solutions • Potentially lethal side effect • Increased systemic and pulmonary blood pressure • Renal toxicity • Impaired immune function McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  29. Warm-Up (Preliminary Exercise) • General warm-up • Unrelated movements • Specific warm-up • Sport-specific movements • Psychologic considerations • Athletes feel better prepared McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  30. Warm-Up (Preliminary Exercise) • Physiologic considerations • Faster muscle contraction and relaxation • Greater movement economy from lowered viscous resistance • Facilitated oxygen delivery—Bohr effect • Facilitated nerve transmission and muscle metabolism • Increased blood flow to active tissues • Effects on performance • More research needed • Sudden strenuous exercise • Risk of MI in sedentary or those with CHD McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  31. Oxygen Inhalation (Hyperoxia) • Preexercise oxygen breathing • Not beneficial if ambient air is breathed before performing • Oxygen breathing during exercise • Improves performance • Not practical for most sports • Oxygen breathing during recovery • Research does not support use. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  32. Modification of Carbohydrate Intake • Carbohydrate loading • Helps prevent/postpone “hitting the wall” • Glycogen depletion stage • Glycogen loading stage • Creatine supplementation McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  33. Modification of Carbohydrate Intake • Negative aspects • Increased water retention • Added weight increases the energy cost of weight-bearing exercise. • Depletion phase may inhibit ability to train. • Low carbohydrate intake may create ketosis. • Vitamin, mineral deficiencies • Lean tissue loss McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  34. L-Carnitine • Facilitates influx of fatty acids into mitochondria • Rate of fatty acid oxidation affects aerobic exercise intensity. • Research does not support ergogenic benefits. • Potential benefits • Vasodilation • Less postexercise pain, tissue damage McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  35. Chromium • Potentiates insulin function • Promotes carbohydrate uptake into cells • Numerous alleged benefits • Fat burner • Muscle builder • Research does support claims • Potential downside • Competes with iron for binding to transferrin • Possible chromosomal damage McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  36. Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) • Used therapeutically for cardiovascular disease • Claims: improve stamina and enhance cardiovascular function • Research does not support ergogenic benefits. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  37. Creatine • Important component of high-energy phosphates • Documented benefits in humans • Improves muscular strength and power • Augments short bursts of muscular endurance • Enables greater muscular overload • Limited research on potential risks • Creatine loading McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  38. Inosine • Claims • Improves training quality, performance • Facilitates oxygen release, insulin release • Augments cardiac contractility • Vasodilator • Research does not support ergogenic effect. • Risks contraindicate use. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  39. Choline • Claims • Fat burning, metabolism “optimizing” • Research does not support claims. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  40. Medium-Chain Triglycerides • Claims • Fat burning, glycogen sparing, muscle building • Research is inconclusive. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  41. Hydroxycitrate (HCA) • Claims • Fat burning, endurance enhancing • Research is inconclusive. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  42. Pyruvate • Claims • Fat burning, endurance enhancing • Additional research is needed. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  43. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

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