The Turning Tide: Civil Rights and Vietnam

1. 1947 1975 The Turning Tide: Civil Rights and Vietnam

2. The Turning Tide: Civil Rights and Vietnam MAIN THEMES 1.     1. That American society of the 1950s was remarkably affluent and unified, despite the persistence of a far less privileged underclass and the commentary of a small group of critics. 4.      2. How the 1954 school desegregation decision marked the beginning of a civil rights revolution for black Americans. 5.      3.  How Eisenhower sustained the foreign policy of containment and how he added to it, even as he demonstrated an awareness of American limitations and resisted temptations to undertake greater international commitments. 4. The deadlock of the Kennedy years, how Lyndon Johnson managed to enact his Great Society programs, and the legacy of these programs. 2.      5. How the American Cold War played itself out in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Vietnam and eventually brought down many of the assumptions of post-World War II liberalism.

3. Eisenhower Republicanism • The Survival of the Welfare State • Extension of Social Security • Highway Programs

4. Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Cold War • M.A.D. • France, America, and Vietnam • Ho Chi Minh • Ngo Dinh Diem • Suez Crises, 1956 • Europe and the Soviet Union • Hungarian Revolution, 1956

5. The Baby Boom

6. The Economic “Miracle” • Capital and Labor

7. Expanding the Liberal State

8. Expanding the Liberal State • John Kennedy • Lyndon Johnson Lyndon Johnson (Library of Congress)

9. CIVIL RIGHTS BEFORE LBJ • - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans. • 1955 - (Montgomery, Ala,) Bus boycott initiated after NAACP member Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat at the front of the bus to a white passenger. • 1957 - (Little Rock, Ark.) Nine black students are blocked from entering the school by Governor. President Eisenhower sends federal troops and the National Guard to intervene on behalf of the students. • 1960 - (Greensboro, N.C.) Four black students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. • 1961- Freedom riders, student volunteers on bus trips to test the implementation of new laws prohibiting segregation in interstate travel facilities.

10. CIVIL RIGHTS AND LBJ • - (Washington, D.C.) About 250,000 people join the March on Washington. Reverend King delivers his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. • 1964 - President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964, making segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment illegal. • - Johnson sends military personnel to find bodies of three Mississippi civil-rights workers. • 1965 - March to Montgomery in support of voting rights are stopped at the Pettus Bridge by a police blockade. • - Congress passes the Voting Rights Act of 1965, making it easier for Southern blacks to register to vote. • - (Los Angeles, Ca.) Watts Riot • - (Memphis, Tenn.) Reverend King is shot •   - President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.

11. CIVIL RIGHTS AFTER LBJ 1971 - The Supreme Court, in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving integration of public schools. 1972 - President Nixon' s initiates affirmative action. 1988 - Overriding President Reagan's veto, Congress passes the Civil Rights Restoration Act, which expands the reach of non-discrimination laws within private institutions receiving federal funds.

12. The Rise of the Civil Rights Movement • Causes of the Civil Rights Movement • Black Military Service • Rise of Black Middle Class • Cold War Ideology • Black Labor Leadership

13. The Other America • The Other America • The Inner Cities • Rural Poverty “The entire invisible land of the other Americans became a ghetto, a modern poor farm for the rejects of society and the economy.” Michael Harrington

14. Expanding the Liberal State • The Assault on Poverty 1965 - Medicare 1966 - Medicaid Office of Economic Opportunity / War on Poverty • Cities, Schools, and Immigration 1961 - Housing Act of 1961* 1966 - Office of Housing and Urban Development 1965 - Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1965 - Immigration Act (no national quotas)

15. “Flexible Response” and the Cold War • Diversifying Foreign Policy

16. “Flexible Response” and the Cold War • Confrontations with the Soviet Union 1962 – Bay of Pigs 1963 – Cuban Missile Crises • Johnson and the World

17. The Traumas of 1968 • The King and Kennedy Assassinations • Memphis, April 4, 1968 • Los Angeles, June 6, 1968 • Chicago Democratic Convention

18. The Traumas of 1968 • The Conservative Response

19. VIETNAM BEFORE LBJ • Ho Chi Minh returns to Vietnam • and establishes the Viet Minh • 1944-45 Famine in Tonkin and Annam • causes between 1.5 and 2 million deaths. • Japan surrenders and Ho Chi Minh • declares Vietnam's the independence in Hanoi. • 1954 French surrender at Dien Bien Phu. • - Geneva Agreements adopted, Vietnam • provisionally divided at the 17th parallel • 1955- Direct U.S. aid to South Vietnam begins and • U.S. advisers begin training South Vietnamese. • - Republic of Vietnam established • with Diem its first president. • The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) • formed in the South. • United States military personnel in Vietnam total about 3,200. • United States Military Assistant Command-Vietnam (MACV) • formed under the command of General Paul D. Harkins. • 1963 Ngo Dinh Diem overthrown and assassinated.

20. The Massacre at My Lai http://pathfinder.com/photo/essay/mylai/mylaihp.htm

21. VIETNAM AND LBJ • 1964 - Gulf of Tonkin incident • 1965 - Operation Rolling Thunder • 1965 - Battle of Ia Drang • 1968 - Tet offensive • - -LBJ announced he will • not seek re-election • 1968 - My Lai Massacre • 1968 - LBJ stops bombing campaign • 1968 - Paris peace talks begin

22. VIETNAM AFTER LBJ • - Four-party peace talks open in Paris. • - U.S. troop strength in Vietnam • peaks at 543,000. • - Joint U.S. / ARVN invasion of Cambodia. • - Operation Lam Son 719, South Vietnamese • attack on Laos, ends in defeat. • - March 30, 1972 People's Army of Vietnam • (PAVN) offensive. • - Christmas bombing of Hanoi. • - So-called Paris peace agreement. • - Last U.S. combat troops in Vietnam depart. • - PAVN final offensive in the South begins. • - Saigon surrenders. • 1975-78 - Cambodian Genocide. US support of Pol Pot • - PAVN forces end Cambodian genocide. • - China launches invasion of Vietnam.

23. THE SO-CALLED PEACE MOVEMENT 1962Jun 15 - Port Huron Statement of the Students for a Democratic Society, 1962 1963 1964 1965Mar 24 - SDS organizes first Vietnam War teach-in at Univ. of Michigan 3000 show up Apr 17 - SDS leads first anti-Vietnam war march in Washington. 25,000 attend Oct 16 - 100,000 anti-war protesters nationwide in 80 cities 1966 Mar 25 - Anti-Vietnam war protests in NY bring out 25,000 on 5th Ave.  Other protests in 7 US cities May 15 - Antiwar demonstration in D.C., 10,000 attend

24. THE SO-CALLED PEACE MOVEMENT 1967 Apr 10 - Vietnam Week starts.  Draft card burnings and anti-draft demonstrations Apr 15 - Anti-Vietnam War protest. 400,000 march from Central Park to UN. Oct 21-22 - Anti-war protesters storm the Pentagon 35,000 Demonstrate, 647 arrested Dec - "Stop the Draft" movement organized by 40 antiwar groups, nationwide protests ensue. Dec 5 - 1000 antiwar protesters try to close NYC induction center.  585 1968 Apr 23 - SDS lead students take over 5 buildings at Colombia Univ for a week. 700 arrested Jun 14 - Dr. Benjamin Spock convicted of conspiracy to abet draft evasion August 25-29 - Democratic Convention in Chicago  demonstration 10,000 1969 Feb 13 - 33 students arrested at admin bldg sit-in at Univ of Mass. Feb 18 - Students seize building and  boycott started at Howard University Feb 24 - Students occupy Admin bldg at Penn State Feb 27 - Police charge student picket lines, club and arrest two Chicano leaders at U.C. Berkeley Apr 9 - 300 Harvard students led by SDS seize Univ Hall and evict eight deans Apr 24 - U.S. B-52s launch biggest attack on North Vietnam. Protests in 40 cities Oct 8-11 - The Weatherman "Days of Rage" Oct 15 - Peace Day. 500,000 protesters nationwide. First Vietnam Moratorium

25. THE SO-CALLED PEACE MOVEMENT 1970 Feb 19 - Explosions in 3 office buildings in NY; and in Calif; Wash; Maryland; Mich, possibly done by the Weathermen Mar 6 - Three Weathermen blow themselves up in Greenwich Village, NY May 4 - Four College Students Killed by National Guard at Kent State University, Ohio May 9 - 100,000 attend antiwar rally, Wash. D.C. May 14 - Police kill two at Jackson State during violent student demonstrations 1971Apr 19 - Over 1000  Veterans demonstrate against the Vietnam  war in Wash D.C., throwing their medals over the Capitol fence Apr 24 - Over 350,000 Veterans march in Wash D.C. and SF to protest war in Vietnam Apr 26 - 50,000 demonstrators in Washington D.C. set up "Algonquin Peace City" May 3 - May Day antiwar protest, Wash. D.C. 1972 Aug 23 - 1100 antiwar protest arrested outside Republican Nat'l Convention 19731974 1975

26. Debating the Past: THE VIETNAM COMMITMENT

27. OBJECTIVES • A thorough study of Chapter 30 should enable you to understand: • The strengths and weaknesses of the economy in the 1950s and early 1960s. • How new technologies and expanded mass communication were changing America. • The problems faced by the "other America." • The changes in the American lifestyle and culture in the 1950s. • The impact of the Supreme Court's desegregation decision and the early civil rights movement. • The characteristics of Dwight D. Eisenhower's middle-of-the-road domestic policy. • The new elements of American foreign policy introduced by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. • The rationale for the initial United States involvement in Vietnam. • The interests of the U.S. in the Middle East and the crises of the region. • The sources of United States difficulties in Latin America. • The reasons for new tensions with the Soviet Union toward the end of the Eisenhower administration.

28. OBJECTIVES • A thorough study of Chapter 31 should enable you to understand: • The new directions of domestic reform manifested by John Kennedy's New Frontier program. • The new elements added to Kennedy's program by Lyndon Johnson's Great Society proposals. • The reasons why the African-American civil rights movement became increasingly assertive in the 1960s. • The significance of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X to the civil rights movement. • The new elements that Kennedy introduced in both the nation's defense strategy and its foreign policy. • The background and sequence of events leading to the Cuban missile crisis. • The reasons for U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and why it was unsuccessful. • The growing domestic opposition to the war in Vietnam and reasons why the 1968 Tet offensive had such a critical impact on American domestic politics.