MET 12 Global Warming: Lecture 12

1. MET 12 Global Warming: Lecture 12 Transportation Shaun Tanner Outline: • Energy use • Petroleum • Hybrid • Electric • Fuel Cell • Biofuels

2. Figure 7.1 Worldwide greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, from various sources (Part 1)

3. Figure 7.1 Worldwide greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption, from various sources (Part 2) 120x1018 cal/yr ~54 kWh per person per day (7 billion people)

4. Figure 7.2 Past and predicted petroleum dependence

5. Figure 7.3 Energy usage ~250 kWh/p/day ~145 kWh/p/day ~54 kWh/p/day ~47 kWh/p/day

6. Figure 7.4 Petroleum output (1015 calories day–1) from different regions

7. How important is transportation to greenhouse gas emissions?

8. Figure 7.5 Prices of fossil fuels in constant 2006 U.S. dollars per gigacalories (109) or megawatt-hours (106)

9. Figure 7.10 Greenhouse gas emissions in carbon equivalents (109 metric tons C per year) from different human activities

10. Figure 7.17 Roads, vehicles, and traffic in the United States

11. Transportation • Transportation is large percentage of greenhouse gas emissions. • Most transportation uses petroleum. • Transportation use has increased globally. • Reducing transportation emissions is high priority but challenging. • At some point, oil demand will be larger than supply (peak oil)

12. Cost of fuel can be used to alter behavior

13. Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006

14. Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006 (Part 1) Iran: $.45 / gallon US: $2.50 / gallon

15. Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006 (Part 2) Australia: $3.70 / gallon

16. Figure 7.19 Gasoline and diesel fuel costs ($U.S. per liter) in 2006 (Part 3) UK: $6.25 / gallon

17. Figure 7.20 Percentage of total state revenues that derives from taxes on fuels (Part 1)

18. Figure 7.20 Percentage of total state revenues that derives from taxes on fuels (Part 2)

23. National policies appear to shape fuel economy more than transportation technology

24. Figure 7.25 Fuel efficiency in the United States as a function of vehicle weight

25. Figure 7.27 Current (solid) and pending (dashed) governmental regulations on fuel efficiency standards for passenger vehicles

26. Activity • Compare the cost of driving a car in the USA versus Denmark • Consider annual costs assuming a new car lasts 10 years.

27. The annual cost of operating a car in Denmark compared to the US is • About the same • About double the cost • About four times the cost • About half the cost • About a fourth of the cost

28. Average car costs $20,000 or $2000 per year Insurance costs $500 per year Average # of miles is 10,000 per year USA: $4.00/gallon: USA: 25 miles/gallon USA: 400 gallons = $1600 per year USA: Fees= (9% tax, $1300 purchase, $100 reg/yr): $400/yr USA Total (per year): $4500 per year Denmark: $5.93/gallon Denmark: 45 miles/gallon Denmark: 222 gallons=$1300 per year Denmark: Fees= (25% tax, $21000 purchase, $600 reg/yr): $3200/yr Denmark Total (per year): $7000 per year 29

29. What is the most efficient form of transportation?

30. Figure 7.28 Greenhouse gas emissions for various modes of transportation

31. Figure 7.30 Number of people in the United States who travel to work via different modes of transportation

32. Mitigation Reduce transportation Alternative methods (public transport, bike, walk) Improve efficiency Lighter cars, less power, electric engines Use alternative energy Fuel cell Biofuels 33

33. Hydrogen Fuel Cell

35. Figure 7.36 Current sources of hydrogen and uses of hydrogen

36. Biofuels

37. Figure 7.47 Locations of processing facilities for bioethanol in the United States

38. Figure 7.55 Net greenhouse gas emissions for ethanol Use more energy than gas Use less energy than gas

39. Electric Cars

40. 0 of 61 What is the least energy efficient way to get to Los Angeles from SF? • Bicycle • Auto – Sedan (single passenger) • Auto – Sedan (multiple passengers) • Airplane

41. What emits the least amount of CO2 per mile • Bicycle • Electric auto • Depends on the type of electricity • Depends on the type of food one eats to power the bicycle • 3 and 4 are correct.