OE writing. its phonetic system. Main phonetic changes in OE.

1. OE writing. its phonetic system. Main phonetic changes in OE.

2. Who were the first Indo-European inhabitants of the British Isles? • When did the Romans come to the British Isles and for how long did they stay there? • What territory of the British Isles was not conquered by the Romans? • What does the Hadrian’s Wall mark? • Why did the Romanized Celts ask the West Germanic tribes for help, after the Romans left the British Isles? • When did Germanic tribes start settling in the British Isles? Which Germanic tribes?

3. List the kingdoms that were established by the Germanic tribes in the British Isles. • What are the two historical events that influenced the development of Old English? • Which dialect is usually taken as a standard of OE? • What are the two kinds of letters (alphabets) used by the OE scribes? • Which Modern English letter combination is represented by the OE letter ‘þ’? • What three variants of pronunciation did the OE letter ‘ӡ’ have?

4. the reign of Alfred (871 —900) • West Saxon

5. Old English Writings • æ – ash (æsc), which represents the vowel in Modern English 'hat' ; • þ – thorn, which represents Modern English 'th' ; • ð – eth (or ðæt), which also represents Modern English 'th'. Capital ð is written Ð;

6. Old English Writings • œ – the combination of o and e; • Ʒ=g (yogh), that could be pronounced in 3 different ways • ƿ = w (wynn) • E.g.: ƿest, NORĐAN HYMBRA,

7. a phonetic principle • a macron – a line over the top.

8. The Old English Sound System Short vowels: i, e, u, o, a, æ, y; Long vowels: ī, ē, ū, ō, ā, æ:,ŷ Short diphthongs: ea, eo, ie, io, Long diphthongs:

9. The consonants in the Old English language • Labials: p, b, f, v • Dentals: d, t, s, þ (English [th] in  thin), ð English [th] in this) • Velars: c [k], h, g/Ʒ, • Liquids: r, l • Nasals: n, m

10. the letter g/Ʒ. • 1. As English [g] gōd . • 2. As Greek 'gamma' [ɣ] dagas, folgian. • 3. As English [j] in yellow: Ʒiefan (to give), dæƷ .

11. 1) before or after a front vowel it gave sound [j], [], [г’] – dæƷ 2) after r, l, or between back vowels – [] – folƷian, maƷan, daƷum 3) At the beginning of the word before back vowels and consonants, and after n – [g] – sinƷan, Ʒōd, Ʒrēn.

12. Phonetic changes in OE vowelsChanges of stressed vowels in early OE. • Mutation/umlaut • Gothic sandjan – OE sendan • Gothic hailjan – OE hæ:lan • Gothic *mūsiz– OE mӯs

13. i-umlaut (palatal mutation) • fronting and raising of vowels through the influence of [i] or [j] in the immediately following syllable • the sounds [i] or [j] were common in suffixes and endings, so palatal mutation was widespread. • all vowels, except ē, ī, æ:, were affected by i-mutation. • due to this law there appeared a new vowel [y] and a new diphthong [ie] in OE.

15. 2. OE Breaking (fracture) • Goth. Kalds – OE ceald • Goth. ahtau – OE eahta • Goth. melkan – OE meolcan • Goth. leihts – OE lēoht

16. OE Breaking (fracture)

17. 3. Palatalization

18. 4. Back Mutation • e > eo • hevfon > heofon

19. Consonant changes • Voicing Fricative sounds f, s, þ (ð)were voiced when between vowels and voiced consonants: • risan, hlafas, paþas, wyrþe

20. Inotherpositions, includingthebeginningandendofwords, theyremained voiceless: sittan, hlaf, pæþ, oft Theprefixӡe- doesnotcausevoicing: findananditspastparticipleӡe-funden bothhavesound[f].

21. 2. Palatalisationand splitting Velar consonants were palatalized before/after a front vowel (e, i) and remained velar before back vowels (a, o, u,) • Cild [k’] >[t] scip [sk’] ecg [g’] • Can, gan, dagas