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Maximization of ethanol yield and adsorption of heavy metal ions by fruit peels

Maximization of ethanol yield and adsorption of heavy metal ions by fruit peels. Leong Qi Dong 4S216 Soh Han Wei 4I324 Aman Mangalmurti AOS Kara Newman AOS. Group: 1-124. Introduction. Introduction. Fruit peel waste. Introduction: Zymomonas mobilis. Why Z. mobilis ?.

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Maximization of ethanol yield and adsorption of heavy metal ions by fruit peels

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  1. Maximization of ethanol yield and adsorption of heavy metal ions by fruit peels Leong Qi Dong 4S216 Soh Han Wei 4I324 AmanMangalmurti AOS Kara Newman AOS Group: 1-124

  2. Introduction

  3. Introduction Fruit peel waste

  4. Introduction:Zymomonasmobilis Why Z. mobilis? Nguyen, T., and Glassner, D. (2001 )

  5. Objectives

  6. Hypotheses • Mango peels contain reducing sugars that can be fermented to ethanol. • Mango peels show different efficiency levels in the adsorption of copper, zinc and lead ions.

  7. Experimental Outline

  8. Variables

  9. Apparatus • Centrifuge • Centrifuge tube • Spectrophotometer • Glass rod • Sieve • Blender • Dry blender • Shaking incubator • Oven • Incubator • Weighing Balance

  10. Materials • Zymomonasmobilis • Glucose-yeast medium • Sodium alginate • Calcium chloride solution • Sodium chloride solution • Fruit peel • Cuvettes • Deionised water • Dinitrosalicylic acid • Acidified potassium chromate solution • Lead (II), Copper (II), Zinc (II) ion solutions • Copper (II) and Zinc (II) reagent kits

  11. Ethanol Fermentation Preparation of Z. mobilis, Extraction of Sugars, Fermentation, Determination of Yield

  12. Ethanol fermentation Methods

  13. Growth of Z. mobilis

  14. Immobilisation of cells

  15. Extraction of sugars from fruit peels

  16. Ethanol fermentation by immobilized Z. mobiliscells

  17. Determination of ethanol yield with the dichromate test

  18. Adsorption of heavy metal ions Dessication of peel, Preparation of ion solution, Adsorption, Determination of final ion concentration

  19. Preparation of Fruit Peel

  20. Adsorption and Determination of final ion concentration

  21. Data analysis

  22. Experimental Results

  23. Maltose standard curve

  24. Ethanol standard curve

  25. First sequence Sugar Extraction First, Ethanol Fermentation, Ion Adsorption

  26. Dichromate test to determine ethanol concentration

  27. Adsorption of ions (1st round)

  28. Adsorption of ions (2nd round)

  29. t-test analysis All differences were significant as p < 0.05

  30. Adsorption of ions (Summary)

  31. Second sequence Ion Adsorption First, Sugar Extraction, Ethanol Fermentation

  32. Adsorption of ions (1st round)

  33. Adsorption of ions (2nd round)

  34. Adsorption of ions (3rd round)

  35. t-test analysis All differences were significant as p < 0.05

  36. Adsorption of ions (Summary)

  37. Ethanol yield

  38. Yield of ethanol with different sequence of procedures Sequence 2 (Adsorption of ions followed by extraction of sugars) resulted in a higher yield of ethanol

  39. Adsorption of ions with different sequence of procedures Sequence 1 (Extraction of sugars followed by adsorption of ions) resulted in higher efficiency of adsorption of ions

  40. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of mango peel C-H stretch

  41. FTIR analysis of mango peel after copper ion adsorption Some changes in the 1000-1800cm-1 wavenumbers

  42. FTIR analysis of mango peel after zinc ion adsorption

  43. FTIR analysis of mango peel after lead ion adsorption weakerC-H stretch

  44. Summary of FTIR analysis • Adsorption of ions has resulted in changes in FTIR spectra • Weaker C-H stretch after lead ion adsorption • Stretching of more bonds in between 1800-1000 cm-1 after all three ion adsorption • We believe that the carboxylic acid, ester and lactone (1700cm-1) and alkene groups (1600cm-1) are responsible for adsorption.

  45. Limitations • Difficulty in standardising batch of mango peels for all tests performed • May yield inconsistent results for each repeat

  46. Applications

  47. Further Work • Investigate the effect of pH of ion solution on adsorption • Investigate the production of ethanol and adsorption of ions on peels of other locally available fruits such as pineapple

  48. References • Anhwange, T. J. Ugye, T.D. Nyiaatagher (2009). Chemical composition of Musa sapientum (Banana) peels. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 8, 437-442. Retrieved October 29, 2011 from: http://ejeafche.uvigo.es/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid,495 • Ban‐Koffi, L. & Han, Y.W. (1990). Alcohol production from pineapple waste. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 6(3), 281‐284. • Björklund, G. Burke, J. Foster, S. Rast, W. Vallée, D. Van derHoek, W. (2009, February 16). Impacts of water use on water systems and the environment (United Nations World Water Development Report 3). Retrieved June 6, 2011, from www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/pdf/19_WWDR3_ch_8.pdf • Hossain, A.B.M.S. & Fazliny, A.R. (2010). Creation of alternative energy by bio‐ethanol production from pineapple waste and the usage of its properties for engine. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(9), 813‐819. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.academicjournals.org/ajmr/PDF/Pdf2010/4May/Hossain%20and%20Fazliny.pdf • Isitua, C.C. & Ibeh, I.N. (2010). Novel method of wine production from banana (Musa acuminata) and pineapple (Ananascomosus) wastes. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(44), 7521‐7524. • Mark R. Wilkins , Wilbur W. Widmer, Karel Grohmann (2007). Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of citrus peel waste by Saccharomyces cerevisiaeto produce ethanol. Process Biochemistry, 42, 1614–1619. Retrieved October 29, 2011 from: http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/16371/1/IND44068998.pdf

  49. References • Mishra, V., Balomajumder, C. & Agarwal, V.K. (2010). Biosorption of Zn(II) onto the surface of non‐living biomasses: a comparative study of adsorbent particle size and removal capacity of three different biomasses. Water Air Soil Pollution, 211, 489‐500. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.springerlink.com/content/2028u2q551416871/fulltext.pdf • Nigam, J.N. (2000). Continuous ethanol production from pineapple cannery waste using immobilized yeast cells. Journal of Biotechnology, 80(2), 189‐193. • Nguyen, T., and Glassner, D. (2001 ) "Zymomonasmobilis: Lowering the Cost ofConverting Biomass to Ethanol." Transportation for the 21st Century.Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/46/45642.pdf • Reddy, L.V., Reddy, O.V.S. & Wee, Y.‐J. (2011). Production of ethanol from mango (MangiferaindicaL.) peel by SaccharomycescerevisiaeCFTRI101. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(20), 4183‐4189. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/PDF/pdf2011/16May/Reddy%20et%20al.pdf • Tanaka, K., Hilary, Z.D. & Ishizaki, A. (1999). Investigation of the utility of pineapple juice and pineapple waste material as low‐cost substrate for ethanol fermentation by Zymomonasmobilis. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 87(5), 642‐646. • US Environmental Protection Agency (2011) . Drinking Water Contaminants. Retrieved October 30, 2011, from http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm

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