Maximization of ethanol yield and adsorption of heavy metal ions of fruit peels

1. Maximization of ethanol yield and adsorption of heavy metal ions of fruit peels Done by: AmanMangalmurti Kara Newman Leong Qi Dong Soh Han Wei

2. Rationale

3. Rationale

4. Literature Review • Demand for renewable energy resources has increased due to increased prices for oil and concerns about global warming (Wilkins , Widmer & Grohmann, 2007) • Production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae from • Mango fruit processing solid and liquid wastes (Reddy, Reddy & Wee, 2011) • Pineapple waste (Hossain & Fazliny, 2010)

5. Literature Review • Industries such as electroplating, mining and paint contribute to heavy metal pollution in the ambient environment • Heavy metal ions that pollute water include antimony, copper, lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium  (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011) • Methods of removal of ions include chemical precipitation and solvent extraction • Expensive and low efficiency at low metal ion concentrations

6. Objectives

7. Hypothesis • Ethanol yield from fermentation of the banana peel would be higher than that of the mango peel • The mango peel would adsorb heavy metal ions better as compared to banana peels • Adsorption before fermentation would maximise the use of fruit peel.

8. Experimental Outline

9. Variables

10. Apparatus & Materials Apparatus Materials • Centrifuge • Centrifuge tube • Spectrophotometer • Spectrophotometer cuvettes • Glass rod • Dropper • Sieve • Blender • Boiling water bath • Shaking incubator • Fractional distillatory • Quincy Lab Model 30 GC hot-air oven • Rotary Mill • Sieve: 0.25mm (60 Mesh) • Zymomonasmobilis • Glucose-yeast medium • Sodium alginate medium • Calcium chloride solution • Sodium Chloride solution • Fruit peel • Deionised water • Dinitrosalicylicacid • Acidified potassium chromate solution • Lead (II), Copper (II), Zinc (II) ion solutions • Lead (II). Copper (II), Zinc (II) reagent kits

11. Growth of Z. mobilis

12. Immobilisation of cells

13. Extraction of sugars from fruit peels

14. Determination of sugars in extracts

15. Ethanol fermentation by immobilized Z. mobiliscells

16. Determination of ethanol yield with the dichromate test

17. Adsorption of heavy metal ions • Desiccate fruit peel residue, (put the residue in the hot air oven and dry them at 60 degrees for 23 hours) • Using a rotary mill to grind desiccated residue • Sieve to 0.25 mm particle size. • A heavy metal mixture with 20ml of each metal ion (zinc, lead and copper ions) is created.. • Add powder to mixture

18. Determination of final ion concentration

19. Applications

20. Timeline

21. Bibliography • Anhwange, T. J. Ugye, T.D. Nyiaatagher (2009). Chemical composition of Musa sapientum (Banana) peels. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 8, 437-442 Retrieved on 29 October 2011 from: http://ejeafche.uvigo.es/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid,495 • Björklund, G. Burke, J. Foster, S. Rast, W. Vallée, D. Van der Hoek, W. (2009, February 16). Impacts of water use on water systems and the environment (United Nations World Water Development Report 3). Retrieved June 6, 2011, from www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/pdf/19_WWDR3_ch_8.pdf • US Environmental Protection Agency (2011) .Drinking Water Contaminants. Retrieved June 6, 2011, From http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm • Mark R. Wilkins , Wilbur W. Widmer, Karel Grohmann (2007). Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of citrus peel waste by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol. Process Biochemistry, 42, 1614–1619. Retrieved on 29 October 2011 from: http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/16371/1/IND44068998.pdf

22. References • Hossain, A.B.M.S. & Fazliny, A.R. (2010). Creation of alternative energy by bio‐ethanol production from pineapple waste and the usage of its properties for engine. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(9), 813‐819. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.academicjournals.org/ajmr/PDF/Pdf2010/4May/Hossain%20and%20Fazliny.pdf • Mishra, V., Balomajumder, C. & Agarwal, V.K. (2010). Biosorption of Zn(II) onto the surface of non‐living biomasses: a comparative study of adsorbent particle size and removal capacity of three different biomasses. Water Air Soil Pollution, 211, 489‐500. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.springerlink.com/content/2028u2q551416871/fulltext.pdf • Tanaka, K., Hilary, Z.D. & Ishizaki, A. (1999). Investigation of the utility of pineapple juice and pineapple waste material as low‐cost substrate for ethanol fermentation by Zymomonasmobilis. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 87(5), 642‐646. • Ban‐Koffi, L. & Han, Y.W. (1990). Alcohol production from pineapple waste. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 6(3), 281‐284. • Reddy, L.V., Reddy, O.V.S. & Wee, Y.‐J. (2011). Production of ethanol from mango (MangiferaindicaL.) peel by Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCFTRI101. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(20), 4183‐4189. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/PDF/pdf2011/16May/Reddy%20et%20al.pdf • Isitua, C.C. & Ibeh, I.N. (2010). Novel method of wine production from banana (Musa acuminata) and pineapple (Ananascomosus) wastes. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(44), 7521‐7524. • Nigam, J.N. (2000). Continuous ethanol production from pineapple cannery waste using immobilized yeast cells. Journal of Biotechnology, 80(2), 189‐193. Saccharomyces cerevisiaeATCC 24553 immobilised in k‐carrageenan