Ethanol yield from fruit peels and adsorption of heavy metal ions

1. Ethanol yield from fruit peels and adsorption of heavy metal ions Done by: AmanMangalmurti Kara Newman Leong Qi Dong Soh Han Wei

2. Rationale

3. Rationale

4. Literature Review • Demand for renewable energy resources has increased due to increased prices for oil and concerns about global warming (Wilkins , Widmer & Grohmann, 2007) • Production of ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae from • Mango fruit processing solid and liquid wastes (Reddy, Reddy & Wee, 2011) • Pineapple waste (Hossain & Fazliny, 2010)

5. Literature Review • Industries such as electroplating, mining and paint contribute to heavy metal pollution in the ambient environment • Heavy metal ions that pollute water include antimony, copper, lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium  (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011) • Methods of removal of ions include chemical precipitation and solvent extraction • Expensive and low efficiency at low metal ion concentrations

6. Objectives

7. Hypothesis • Ethanol yield from fermentation of the banana peel would be higher than that of the mango peel • Zymomonasmobilisproduces more ethanol during fermentation as compared to Saccharomycescerevisiae • The mango peel would adsorb heavy metal ions better as compared to banana peels

8. Experimental outline

9. Variables

10. Apparatus & Materials Apparatus Materials • Blender • Sieve • Boiling water bath • Spectrophotometer cuvettes • Spectrophotometer • Centrifuge • Glass rod • Hot Plate • Incubator • Dropper • Sieve: 0.25mm (60 Mesh) • Shaking incubator • Fractional distillator • Test tubes • Filter funnel • Filter paper • Beaker • Volumetric Flask • Colorimeter • Quincy Lab Model 30 GC hot-air oven • Measuring cylinder • Magnetic stirrer • Rotary mill • Mango Peel • Banana Peel • Deionisedwater • Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS acid) • Zymomonasmobilis • Saccharyomycescerevisiae • Glucose-yeast medium (Yeast malt extract broth) • sodium alginate medium • calcium chloride solution • sodium chloride solution • acidified potassium chromate solution • Cu2+ ion solution • Cu4+ ion solution • MgSO4∙7H2O 0.1 and (magnesium sulfide hydrate) • KH2PO4 0.1 (potassium phosphate) • cellulase

11. Extraction of sugars from fruit peels

12. Determination of sugars in extracts

13. Growth of Z. mobilis

14. Immobilisation of cells

15. S. cerevisiaecells are inoculated in 50 ml YM broth medium with the pH adjusted to 5.6 and incubated at 35°C for 1 days with shaking, before being concentrated in a refrigerated centrifuge at 10, 000 rpm. Growth of S. cerevisiae

16. Ethanol fermentation by immobilized Z. mobiliscells

17. Ethanol fermentation by S. cerisiae • To be added Back

18. Determination of ethanol yield with the dichromate test

19. Adsorption of heavy metal ions

20. Determination of final ion concentration

21. Treatment of residue with cellulase

22. Second ethanol fermentation • Identical to above • Ethanol fermentation

23. Determination of final ethanol yield

24. Applications

25. Timeline

26. Bibliography • Anhwange, T. J. Ugye, T.D. Nyiaatagher (2009). Chemical composition of Musa sapientum (Banana) peels. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 8, 437-442 Retrieved on 29 October 2011 from: http://ejeafche.uvigo.es/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid,495 • Björklund, G. Burke, J. Foster, S. Rast, W. Vallée, D. Van der Hoek, W. (2009, February 16). Impacts of water use on water systems and the environment (United Nations World Water Development Report 3). Retrieved June 6, 2011, from www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/pdf/19_WWDR3_ch_8.pdf • US Environmental Protection Agency (2011) .Drinking Water Contaminants. Retrieved June 6, 2011, From http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm • Mark R. Wilkins , Wilbur W. Widmer, Karel Grohmann (2007). Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of citrus peel waste by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol. Process Biochemistry, 42, 1614–1619. Retrieved on 29 October 2011 from: http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/16371/1/IND44068998.pdf

27. References • Hossain, A.B.M.S. & Fazliny, A.R. (2010). Creation of alternative energy by bio‐ethanol production from pineapple waste and the usage of its properties for engine. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(9), 813‐819. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.academicjournals.org/ajmr/PDF/Pdf2010/4May/Hossain%20and%20Fazliny.pdf • Mishra, V., Balomajumder, C. & Agarwal, V.K. (2010). Biosorption of Zn(II) onto the surface of non‐living biomasses: a comparative study of adsorbent particle size and removal capacity of three different biomasses. Water Air Soil Pollution, 211, 489‐500. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.springerlink.com/content/2028u2q551416871/fulltext.pdf • Tanaka, K., Hilary, Z.D. & Ishizaki, A. (1999). Investigation of the utility of pineapple juice and pineapple waste material as low‐cost substrate for ethanol fermentation by Zymomonasmobilis. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 87(5), 642‐646. • Ban‐Koffi, L. & Han, Y.W. (1990). Alcohol production from pineapple waste. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 6(3), 281‐284. • Reddy, L.V., Reddy, O.V.S. & Wee, Y.‐J. (2011). Production of ethanol from mango (MangiferaindicaL.) peel by Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCFTRI101. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(20), 4183‐4189. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/PDF/pdf2011/16May/Reddy%20et%20al.pdf • Isitua, C.C. & Ibeh, I.N. (2010). Novel method of wine production from banana (Musa acuminata) and pineapple (Ananascomosus) wastes. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(44), 7521‐7524. • Nigam, J.N. (2000). Continuous ethanol production from pineapple cannery waste using immobilized yeast cells. Journal of Biotechnology, 80(2), 189‐193. Saccharomyces cerevisiaeATCC 24553 immobilised in k‐carrageenan