A irborne Internet to Support SATS Flight Data Link Applications AI Consortium Meeting January 22, 2003

1. Airborne Internet to Support SATS Flight Data Link ApplicationsAI Consortium MeetingJanuary 22, 2003

2. Agenda • AI Concept • Review of GRC SATS AI Project Results • AI Testbed • Conclusions • DARTS • AI Roadmap

3. Airborne Internet History • Airborne Internet was conceived as an enabling technology for the air/ground and air/air exchange of digital data for the SATS Program. • May 01: CNS received task order from GRC to conduct research on the AI for SATS. • Dec 01: SATS AI Testbed demonstration marked end of GRC task order. • May 02: CNS awarded 6 month task order for SATS AI demonstrations. • Sep 02: DARTS contract for AI equipment and applications awarded to CNS.

4. Airborne Internet Concept • Airborne Internet is a set of communication services and protocols that support consolidated one-way and two-way data exchange requirements of diverse applications. • Applications share bandwidth available from minimum number of radios. Goal is one radio. • Media independent • Applications use only those communications services that they need.

5. AI Nodal Protocol Architecture

6. Generic AI Model Applications Data Transport Services Broadcast, Multicast, Unicast Layered Protocol Airborne Internet Services Mobility Network Management Quality of Service Security Infrastructure Subnetworks VDL (ARINC 664) 802.11/16 A/C LAN SATCOM Mode S WL-LAN UAT • An Integrated CNS approach to interoperability - all services through a common communications method. • All the challenges that the ATN faced in the 1980’s, but using the standards of today.

7. Airborne Internet Environment GPS SATCOM Navigation AI SATCOM • AI Airport Services • TIS-B • LAAS AI VDL Line of sight AI VDL AI VDL AI Aircraft Gateway Gateway Non-AI Aircraft • Internet • Weather Products • NOTAMS • Flight Service Stations • Other • NAS Services • ATM System • HUB Airports • TIS-B VPN ATC Controller

8. SATS AI Project Summary • Government Leaders: • FAA Technical Contact: Ralph Yost • NASA GRC Project Manager: Mike Zernic • NASA GRC Project Engineer: Jim Griner • NASA GRC Space Comm Office: Denise Ponchak • Project: • Develop the requirement, architecture, and system level design baselines, • and establish the evaluation testbed for the Airborne Internet. • FY 02 Sustain Testbed Demonstrations • AI Objective: • Consolidate and integrate the exchange of CNS data. • Minimize the number of radios and antennas on an aircraft. Goal is to provide common access means for all wireless aircraft applications.

9. AI Contractor Team • Computer Networks & Software, Inc. (CNS) - Prime • Mulkerin Associates Inc. (MAI) • Project Management Enterprises, Inc. (PMEI) • AvCS Research Ltd. • Microflight, Inc. • AvCom, Inc. • Comptel, Inc. • Architecture Technologies Corporation - Prime Accomplished the first project cycle to define the SATS AI

10. System Engineering Challenge AI Functionality Research Horizon Operation Readiness Flight Demonstrations Today 2005 2010 2015 2020 • Design for reaching horizon – max degrees of freedom • Use an incremental approach – as Concept of Operations evolves • Provide for early demonstrations of concepts • Interoperate with the NAS • Use an Integrated CNS approach • Obtain low cost solutions

11. What has been accomplished? • Preliminary Concept of Operations (using SATS concept) • AI Requirements Definition • CNS Technology evaluation/tradeoff • NAS/SATS infrastructure assessment • Defined three candidate architectural approaches: • Ground Centric ( M3 and UMTS - Cellular) • Space Centric (Immarsat) • Air Centric (Mode SATS) • Performed Architecture Assessment • Set-up a Testbed for the AI Mode SATS Approach • Installation of AI equipment in DARTS started

12. AI Requirements Methodology Macro-Level Object Oriented Analysis Process Operational Services (based on Operational Concepts) Entity and services relationships Reference Model Services allocated to system entities Information Exchange Data Objects allocated by service/ functional processes (data flows) Information Exchange Needs (communications requirements ) + Loading

13. Entity Reference Model Aircraft 2 Aircraft 1 NWS FSS NAV ATM Sys Surveillance Ops/Sup Airport A H B G C F D E

14. NAS Services/Systems

15. Common Framework - Wx

16. SATS Flight Profile – Comm Load 250 aircraft within a 50 mile radius of a SATS airfield = Traffic load: 11.8 Kbps

17. Technology Evaluation Multiple Solution Technologies General Wireless • SATCOM • Cellular • LAN • 70 Technologies Single Solution Technologies Protocol Related • Navigation • Surveillance • Near-term Technologies Technologies to be Researched CNS Related Technologies CNS Related CNS Related Technologies Technologies Architectural Toolkit

18. SATS Technology & Architecture Relationship

19. SATS AI Architectures Space Centric Architecture Architecture Principles GPS Ref Principle 1 Provides the means to fully support the functional services. 2 The AI will be separable into platform specific systems defined as the CMS and a system defined NMS. To this extent the architecture will modular. 3 The mechanisms and techniques employed with the AI will be self- organizing. Enroute 4 All communication, to the extent practical, will be performed LOS Coverage through a primary means of communication. Gateway LOS Coverage 5 Within the AI there will be no single point of failure. GES LAAS 6 The system will be constructed using open system standards. ATC Station Controller 7 The interface to the NAS (enroute, terminal controllers) will be Internet through a gateway facility. (VPN) NOCC 8 Provide for interfaces to the entities shown in the Entity relationship LAAS MIS M&E CPUs 3 1 2 Airport 6 4 5 9 7 8 # * 0 Model. Monitor Network Operations Surveillance Control Center (NOCC) 9 Provide for information and operational security. Source (TIS-B) Ground Centric Architecture Air Centric Architecture SATS Services GPS PAE (air-to-air) • AS (ADS/TIS) • Legend FSS: Flight Service Station NWS: National Weather Service NWIS; NAS Wide Information System Airborne router LOS Coverage FBO: Fixed Base Operator LAAS: Local Area Augmentation Service RNC: Radio Link Control MSC: Mobile Switching Center LOS Coverage Enroute Base Station Node B SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node RNC GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node RNC Access Network FPU WX Enroute Base Station ASI PIE SGSN MSC SGSN MSC Core Network INTERNET GGSN GGSN Gateway Internet VDL/S BASE STATION Gateway Gateway VDL/S Network Operations LAAS STATION FBO (Local Airport) Control Center (NOCC) Surveillance ATC LAAS MONITOR (TIS) NAS Services Controller ATM System • Global LAAS HUB Airports • NWIS AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE Internet MC (CPDLC like) • SOURCE (TIS-B) FSS NWS ATC Controller

20. Evaluation Factors and Architecture Models Evaluation Factors •  Cost • On-board and off-board cost components • Infrastructure requirements • Overlay on existing or new infrastructure to support SATS AI • SATS dedicated infrastructure or shared (and paid for) by other users • Use of airport area as cost model •  Availability • Time horizon •  Performance • Adherence to AI architectural principles • Functional requirements • Bandwidth sizing • Reliability – redundancy • Delay •  Scalability •  Risk Assessment Candidate Architectures for Comparison

21. AI Architectural Evaluation Results • Aircraft Centric Architecture • Meets SATS requirements • Low risk, low cost, near COTS option • ICAO standards based with multiple hardware vendors • Space Centric Architecture • Available as a service now • Existing aircraft can be upgraded to this service • Transition higher bandwidth with Inmarsat-4 constellation • Ground Centric Architecture • UMTS technology has no inherent show stoppers and meets SATS requirements • High risk - dependence on commercial aviation for development, certification and deployment of technology

22. Tell me About the Testbed AI Testbed Objectives - Build A • Provide a ‘Hands-on” technical platform to assess the principles and design of the Airborne Internet concept. • Provide an affordable platform using COTS products. • Provide base for additional technology insertion. Architectural Principles

23. Testbed – Build A with Mode SATS P-P/CPDLC Mode SATS Network P-P/CPDLC Aircraft N372, Ground Facility Aircraft N384 374 & 376 ADS-B P-P PAE CPDLC N384 AI Router E-mail, PAE Mode SATS Radio Ground Station Mode SATS Radio AI Router ADS-B, Chat Weather, NOTAMS Remote ADS-B, Chat, Weather, NOTAMS Equipment Monitoring Internet Aircraft N382 Remote email Servers N382 Firewall Mode SATS Radio DNS Network Control Center, Bethesda, MD AI Router Web Enabled Status Monitor ADS-B, Chat, Weather, NOTAMS

24. Demonstration Applications • ADS-B • Air-Air Chat • FIS-B Textual Weather • FIS-B Graphical Weather • NOTAMS • CPDLC • Email • Remote Monitoring Equipment Status • Internet access using Browsers • Video Frames/ Net Meeting • Peer to Peer Tool

25. FIS-B Weather Data Flow Remote e-mail Servers Ground AI Router N382 Air AI Router Collector Sequencer Radio Radio Viewer Browser Internet N382 Air AI Router Collector weather.noaa.gov www.awc-kc.noaa.gov Radio Viewer Browser

26. FIS-B Graphical Weather

27. FIS-B Textual Weather Report

28. NOTAMS

29. Airborne Internet Testbed Summary • VDL Mode SATS point-to-point and broadcast communication capability: • Air-to-air, self organizing, peer-to-peer communication • Functionality/interoperability • Demonstrated “all-in-one” AI connectivity. • Internet connectivity. • Integrated hardware/software components from many suppliers. • Successfully implemented and tested the software based router for SATS AI. • Demonstrated at ICNS 2002 and to more than 100 government and industry representatives Configuration and integration work represented a “one of a kind” rapid prototype of the airborne internet.

30. Proposed Testbed B+ Enhancements • Perform test & measurement activities • Add applications • Add SATCOM • Configure for VDL M2, M3 and 802.11

31. Conclusions • Strong reason to employ the AI is to minimize the number of radios and antennae needed for data communications on GA/SATS aircraft. • Analysis and demonstrations indicate that the technology is available to implement the AI. • Bandwidth analysis for existing and near term NAS related systems indicates that the traffic load generated by the diverse applications can be supported using a single 25 KHz VHF frequency. • Analysis did not consider the issues associated with combining and transmitting traffic control, surveillance and navigation data on a single radio.

32. Conclusions • Testbed demonstration showed that a single AI VHF radio per aircraft could provide weather and NOTAMS plus traffic control and surveillance data to the pilot. • Demonstrations focused on the feasibility of combining data from diverse applications. • Performance of the AI in terms of delay was not measured. • Once the AI equipment is installed in the DARTS, experiments can be undertaken to measure performance and confirm that the AI is a preferred data link solution for GA aircraft.

33. DARTS Project Summary - 1 • Project: • Deliver equipment, software, documentation and technical support necessary for the installation (by Government personnel) of the AI capability into existing Digital Infrastructure Facility (DIF) and two aircraft platforms. • Develop additional specification documentation of the AI architecture and system design. • Work Plan: • 7 Tasks (6 CLINs) • Equipment Delivery – 119 days ARO • Documents (ASI and AI FDD) • Support – NTE 240 hours • Contractor Team: • Computer Networks & Software, Inc. (CNS) - Prime • Project Management Enterprises, Inc. (PMEI) • Mulkerin Associates Inc. (MAI) • Microflight

34. SATS/DARTS AI System Components

35. Proposed DARTS Facility

36. Current AI Status • SATS AI Demonstrations • Testbed “Build A” Demonstrations (ended 9/30/02) • Delivered Subnetwork Interface Document • Conducted demonstrations for more than 100 government and industry representatives. • DARTS AI Upgrade • AI Subsystem for LaRC and 2 aircraft pallets • Configuration Review Complete • Final Applications Interface Reviewed and Delivered • Draft AI Functional Description Submitted for Review • Delivery (Jan 03)

37. AI Roadmap Future (NAS/SATS) Mission/Operational Industry Standards Concept RTCA,AEEC Surveillance Vision Flight Tests & ICNS Requirements Demonstrations SATS AI Requirements (FY01) Architecture Incremental Cycles Candidates &Trades SATS AI Tech Eval & Architecture (FY01) AI Design & Use IP Technology: AI Functional Validation/Reporting VDL,SAT, • Data Transport (UDP/TCP) Description 802.11/16 • Mobility FY02 • Security • QoS • Network Management AI System Design Test Evaluation Flight Tests SID Test Plan NASID • Performance AI Test Platform • Availability • Design to Cost Development • Hybrid 802.11/16 SATS VDLs

38. Summary • 2002 Insights • AI really means integrated CNS vision • Initial work supporting a switch in context from a SATS-centric vision to: • A generic approach having data link independence • A vision that includes an AI concept that is a NAS-wide tool • Issue: • Use of IP-based protocols in aviation systems • Consensus on acceptability of functionally and performance • Change in regulatory framework • 2003 • Objective: Build a consensus framework for evaluation

39. Contacts Computer Networks & Software, Inc. 7405 Alban Station Ct. Suite B-225 Springfield, VA 22150-2318 Chris Wargo or Chris Dhas 703-644-2103 Chris.Wargo@CNSw.com, Chris.Dhas@CNSw.com http://www.CNSw.com

40. What is Mode SATS • Based upon Self-Organizing VHF Data Link using GFSK modulation (peer-to peer technique). • Builds upon the core ICAO navigation-surveillance standards for VHF datalink. • Allows aircraft-to-aircraft switching (ad hoc networks) for AI communications. • Single channel data burst rate is 19.2 Kbps. • Significant data throughput improvements through wide-band or multichannel techniques. • Frequency tuning range: • Today: 108 - 137 MHz • Researching 330 MHz or higher usage

41. Information (Data) Transfer Scheme Test mode: Development and testing by use of multiple-mode VHF 25 KHz hardware. Operational mode: One wide-band with priority based TDMA channelization or multiple narrow band channels dynamically assignable to meet requirement. Freq (MHz) DOS, Location-ID discovery, short message and info transfer reservations. 137 ADS-B/ reservation channel Variable length info transfer channels 118 BROADCAST CHANNELS FIS-B TIS-B LAAS 108 Time Note: Minimum equipage required is frequency agile avionics with 2 receivers + 1 transmitter

42. Systems Engineering/Architecture Project • GA Operational Concept for Year 20XX • Prepare Operational/System Requirements • Update Architecture Requirements • Update/revise Traffic Loading Metrics • Update Architectures Models • Add Hybrid Approach Analysis • Update AI Functional Description Document

43. GA AI Laboratory/Flight Project • Objective: Provides facility for test and measurement of AI Technology • IPOv4 and IPv6, Mobile Networking IPv4 – IPv6, Network Management, Addressing Schemes, Security, QoS, and Software MANET or Equivalent • Tasks: • Establish WHJTC AI Testbed • Prepare a System Design Document • Conduct Testbed/Flight Experiments • Level of detail subject to funding • Measurement of performance • Development of additional applications

44. VDL M2 and VDL M3 Approaches • Objective: Determine the approach for using IP over VDL M2 or M3. • Tasks: • Configuration and Design Development • Development & Acquisition • Test Facility Set-up • Analysis & Test • Report and Dissemination of Results

45. Integrated CNS Standardization • Determine Regulatory approach • Multiple applications on single channel • Use of IP for ATC • Preliminary Safety and Certification Study • Links operational tasks and technical performance