World History

1. World History CHAPTER 16EXPLORATION AND EXPANSIONLecture ?’sSection 1 (pages 469-475)Revised september 10, 2012

2. A spirit of discovery and innovation during the Renaissance. Technology borrowed from other cultures. Late 1400s and 1500s 1. What were the foundations upon which the Age of Exploration was built?

3. 2. What were the reasons for this exploration? • Reasons for Exploration: • Search for wealth • Demand for goods from China and India • Spices, silk, perfume • Overland trade routes were expensive- (Italians) • Spread Christianity • Adventure & Curiosity • Fame & Glory

5. 3. What changes in technology helped improve navigation? • Advances in Technology: • Allowed travel on the open seas • Compass- tells direction • Astrolabe- Calculate position based on stars & sun • Building of better ships (deep draft) • Caravel- Triangular sails (lateen) • Could carry weapons

6. 4. Who were the explorers from Portugal and spain? Portuguese Explorers: • Henry the Navigator (early 1400s) • Patron and supporter of those wishing to explore • Trained explorers • Water route around Africa to India • Bartolomeu Dias (1488) • 1st to attempt to sail around tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) • Forced to turn back due to bad weather • Vasco da Gama (1497) • 1st to sail around tip of Africa to India

7. Spanish Explorers: • Christopher Columbus (1492) • Sail west from Spain to reach China • Had no ideas that the Americas lay across the Atlantic • Made 4 journeys to the Americas • Amerigo Vespucci (1502) • Sailed along coast of South America, determined it was not Asia, but a new land • Balboa (1513) • Led expedition across Isthmus of Panama, 1st European to see Pacific Ocean • Magellan (1519-1522) • !st to circumnavigate the globe

8. Vespucci was the first to conclude the Americas were a new land and not part of Asia. 5. Why did mapmakers name America After Amerigo Vespucci and not Christopher columbus?

9. His figures about the size of the earth were wrong. • He did not know the Americas lay across the Atlantic. • Spain 6. Why did Colombus believe he had reached Asia? Who financed him?

10. Spanish & Portugese Explorers

11. A shorter route to Asia. 7. What did English, French, and Dutch explorers hope to find?

12. English Explorers: • John Cabot (1497) • Landed in Canada, like Colombus thought he was in Asia. • On his 2nd trip, he and his crew never returned • Sir Francis Drake (1577-1580) • 2nd man to circumnavigate the globe • Henry Hudson (1607) • Looked for NW passage, but found nothing but ice. • Sailed three times for the English and once for the Dutch • French Explorers: • Jacques Cartier (1534) • Looked for NW passage, but never found it. • Claimed land along the St. Lawrence for New France • Dutch (Netherlands) explorers: • Henry Hudson (1609) • Explored Hudson River, but never found a NW passage 8. Who were these explorers and where did they explore?

13. European Exploration of N. America

14. Trade with Asia Sought a shorter route to Asia 9. What goal did english, french, and dutch explorers share with the spanish and portuguese? How was their approach to the Americas different?

15. Actually discovered the Hudson River and explored Hudson Bay. France 10. Who was Giovanni da Verazzano? Whom did he sail for?

16. Section 2 (Pages 476-481) • Spain Builds An Empire • European Powers begin to establish colonies and empires • 1st area settled by Spain was the Caribbean Islands of Hispaniola and Cuba • ENCOMIENDA • Colonists given land • CONQUISTADORS- • Cortez- Aztecs-Mexico • Pizarro- Incas- Peru

17. 1. How did spain build an empire in the Americas? • Introduced encomienda system. • Colonists given land and a number of Native Americans to work the land for him. • Also required to teach the native workers Christianity • Conquered Aztec and Inca empires • Viceroys governed the land

18. Disastrous • Overwork and mistreatment took a horrendous toll • Even worse were diseases • Smallpox • Tuberculosis • Measles • Native Americans had no resistance to these illnesses, and millions died 2. What was the effect of the encomienda system on the native americans?

19. Cortes moved from the Caribbean to the mainland to set up colonies • He was a “conquistador” whom fought against the native peoples of the Americas. • Conquered the Aztecs and their ruler Moctezuma II • The Aztecs were extremely powerful in this region, but hated by other tribes • Cortes overtook the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan with his soldiers and thousands of natives who wished to overthrow the Aztecs. • Moctezuma II was killed in the battle of Tenochtitlan 3. Who was Hernan Cortes? What did he accomplish for spain in Mexico?

20. Malintzin, a female who was used as a translator of the Aztec language. • Metal weapons • Heavy armor • Guns • Horses • Horses had never been seen by the natives and the large animals terrified them • Disease 4. What advantages did Cortes have in his battle against the aztecs?

21. Led expedition to Peru about 10 years after Cortes • Pizarro had heard of the riches of the Inca Empire • The Inca Empire that Pizarro found was vastly different • Weakened by smallpox, thousands died, including the emperor • Civil war had broken out with a new ruler emerging • Atahualpa had just taken over when Pizarro arrived • Atahualpa met with the Spanish in 1532 • Pizarro demanded that Atahualpa accept Christianity, Atahualpa refused, and was taken prisoner • Even though the Incas gave Pizarro a fortune in gold and silver, the Spanish killed him and headed toward the capital of the Inca Empire, Cuzco. • They captured the city, destroyed the army, and took over the empire 5. Who was franciscopizarro? What did he do to the Incas?

22. Opinion • They probably believed that they were saving the Indians’ souls and “civilizing” them. 6. What do you think was the motive of the spanish in seeking to convert the Indians to christianity?

23. Conquering the Aztecs and Incas • Spanish king chose officials or viceroys to rule large sections of land. • The Spanish colonial economy was based largely on the mining of gold and silver, though farming was also common • Native Americans were used to mine and farm • However, disease and mistreatment took a toll on the native population, which dropped by more than 90 percent from an estimated 50 million to only 4 million • Some Spaniards were appalled at the treatment of Native Americans and called on others to protect those who remained • Bartolome de Las Casas was a priest who was vocal about Indian treatment • He recommended replacing them with imported Africans slaves, this became common in the Americas 7. How did the Spanish create an empire in the Americas?

24. 8. What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? Why did few colonists originally move to Brazil? • Signed in 1494 • Drew an imaginary line through the Atlantic • Everything west of the line, including most of the Americas belonged to Spain. • Portugal owned all land east of the line. • Of the Americas, only Brazil remained as a Portuguese colony. • Brazil’s huge jungles made development difficult for both farming and mining • Eventually developed a plantation system with Indian labor-Turned to African Slavery Gold and Silver from Portugal and Spanish Colonies encouraged other European nations to attempt to make colonies

25. After seeing the riches being brought back from the Americas by Spain and Portugal; France, England and the Netherlands decided to establish colonies there. • French explorers established several colonies in New France or present-day Canada. • They did not find gold or silver, but the North Atlantic swarming with fish. • Furs were also sold for high prices in Europe. • The French & Dutch befriended many Native American tribes • The Dutch settled in New Netherland, located on the Hudson River • They bought land which is the island of Manhattan and called it New Amsterdam, present day New York City. • Population remained small • The English established Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 • Many colonists died during the first winter, but the colony endured. • The Pilgrims settled in present day Plymouth, Massachusetts 9. What was life like in the French, Dutch, and English colonies in the Americas?

26. English attempted to settle in Ohio River valley, tension grew between English and French. Native Americans sided with each side in this war The French had more soldiers in America, so the British probably had to send reinforcements to defeat them Ended with the Treaty of Paris (1763) 10. What series of events led to the French & Indian War? Why was it so costly to the British?

27. Treaty of paris 1763

28. SECT 2- OTHER EUROPEAN COLONIES • NEW FRANCE • Explored the area along the St. Lawrence Seaway to the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi • Looking for gold and silver and the NW passage • Fishing and fur industry developed • French population remained small • Indians became allies. Why? • De Champlain and La Salle • DUTCH • New Netherland- along the Hudson River Valley • 1626- Bought Long Island from the Indians • New Netherland was neglected by the Dutch government.

29. SECT 2- ENGLISH COLONIES AND CONFLICT • ENGLISH COLONIES • Jamestown-1607- looking for gold • Pilgrims- 1620- religious freedom • BRITISH AND FRENCH CONFLICT

30. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE- Foods and Beasts of Burden SECTion 3 (Pages 482-487)

31. As contact increased between Europe and the Americas, plants, animals, and disease traveled from the “Old” world to the “New” world. • Historians call this global transfer the Columbian Exchange. • The horse is a great example, the only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas was the llama. • The llama only lived in the Andes. 1. How did exploration result in a new exchange of plants and animals?

32. New economic activities grew up and national cuisines changed. • Italian food without tomatoes? • Texas cattle ranching? • Brazilian coffee? 2. What were the results of the Columbian Exchange?

33. EFFECTS OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE • Native foods became a staple for Europe- corn, potatoes, etc. • Beast of burden now existed in the New World- horse, cow • INTRODUCTION OF DISEASE • Native Americans had no resistance to European diseases.- smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria • Killed off up to 80% of the native population SECT. III- NEW PATTERNS OF TRADE

34. Mercantilism is a system based on the idea that a nation’s strength was based on its wealth. • A wealthy nation had the power to build a strong military to protect itself and expand its influence • Colonists helped provide this wealth. 3. What was mercantilism, and how did it push the drive to establish colonies?

35. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MERCANTILISM A nation’s strength depends on its wealth as measured in gold and silver. Only a fixed amount of wealth exists in the world, and nations have to compete for their share of that wealth. A favorable balance of trade is an important step in gaining wealth. Countries should seek to limit imports and maximize exports. A country should have its own source for raw materials and precious metals to avoid dependence on others. Colonies exist only as a way for the mother country to make profit. A country’s colonies should not trade with any other countries. MERCANTILISM

36. European powers wanted to establish colonies so that they could control sources of raw materials • Also, to provide new markets for manufactured goods • With a favorable balance of trade, a country received more gold and silver from other nations than it paid to them • Thus the belief was that a nation’s power increased and weakened its foreign competitors 4. How did the desire to create a favorable balance of trade help lead to the establishment of colonies?

37. They reduced the amount of import goods by placing tariffs or taxes on them They also encouraged exports, and controlled overseas sources of raw materials and precious metals Government encouraged exports by providing subsidies, or grants of money, to help business-people start new business 5. How did nations create a favorable balance of trade?

38. Favorable and Unfavorable Balance of Trade • Reduce amount of goods imported from other countries.- TARIFFS (taxes) • Encourage Exporting of manufactured goods. (subsidies) • Control overseas sources of raw materials • A country should avoid spending money on raw materials • A country should have a desire for SELF-SUFFICIENCY Balance of trade

39. Forbidding colonists to sell raw materials to any nation other than the home country • Also, by forcing colonies to buy manufactured goods only from their home countries and forbidding them from manufacturing goods themselves • In the mercantilist view, colonies existed only to benefit the home country 6. How did European monarchs restrict economic activities in their colonies to make sure that the colonies benefited only the home country?

40. Colonies were essential to mercantilism • Source of raw materials • New Market for manufactured goods • MONARCHS RESTRICTED ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE COLONIES • Europe was affected by mercantilism: • Increase of trade • More money available • Growing middle class colonies

41. Towns and cities grew as business activity increased • A new class of wealthier merchants emerged who began to wield more power in their towns • Enjoyed some social mobility • However, rural life remained mostly the same • Most people remained poor 7. What impact did mercantilism have on society?

42. System in which most economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit 8. What is capitalism?

43. Global trade provided opportunities for individuals to invest money and build wealth This overseas trade made many merchants rich, and this wealth enabled them to invest in other business ventures. Business activity in Europe increased markedly 9. How did global trade lead to the rise of capitalism in Europe?

44. To pool their money in an attempt to make a profit • This was a way to fund ever-larger businesses • These “investors” bought shares of stock in the company. • If the company did well, each shareholder would receive a portion of the profit • If a company did not do well, a shareholder only lost the amount of their shares • British East India Company (1600) imported spices • Virginia Company of London (1607) bankrolled new colonies in the Americas (Jamestown) 10. Why did people form joint-stock companies?

45. Definition-Most economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit. Individuals can amass great fortunes. • Rising prices and standard of living • Demand for goods increased • Growing population and relative scarcity of goods • Rising demand drove prices higher • Increase in the money supply • More money in circulation because of the gold and silver from the Americas. • Joint Stock Companies capitalism

46. SECTion 4- ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE Pages 488-491

47. Along a triangular route connecting traders in Europe, Africa, and the Americas • 1st leg--European goods to Africa for slaves • 2nd leg—Middle passage brought slaves to the Americas to be sold as slaves • 3rd leg—Carried American products such as sugar, tobacco, and rice to Europe • Throughout history, slavery has existed in many parts of the world, including Africa 1. Where did the atlantic slave trade originate?

48. Triangular trade

49. A shortage of labor in the Americas • European planters in the Americas needed large numbers of workers on their plantations • Planters first used Native Americans as workers • Disease and poor treatment had killed millions 2. What led to the beginning of the atlantic slave trade?

50. Indentured servants • These people worked for a set period of time in exchange for passage to the Americas from Europe • These workers were expensive to support 3. What kind of labor was used in the 1600s, but was too expensive to sustain?