Name the Seven Dwarfs

1. Name the Seven Dwarfs Take out a piece of paper

2. Difficulty of Task • Was the exercise easy or difficult. It depends on what factors? • Whether you like Disney movies • how long ago you watched the movie • how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

3. As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is……. Memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. So what was the point of the seven dwarfs exercise?

4. Turn your paper over. Now pick pick out the seven dwarfs. Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy Shorty

5. Seven Dwarfs Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

6. Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise? Recall v. Recognition • With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests). • With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests). • Which is easier?

7. Three Kinds of Memory Episodic Memory Generic Memory Procedural Memory

8. Episodic or Flashbulb Memory • A clear moment of an emotionally significant moment or event. Where were you when? 1. You heard about 9/11 2. You heard about the break up of the space shuttle Columbia over Texas 3. You heard about the assassination of JFK, RFK, MLK 4. You heard the OJ verdict (1st one) What would be an episodic event we have all shared recently?

10. Generic Memory • General knowledge • Don’t remember when we acquired the information • Remember learning the alphabet? • 1492 ……. • Acquire information from school, daily life, experience

11. Procedural Memory • Skills, or procedures, you have learned • Throwing a ball • Riding a bike • Skipping rope • Typing or using a computer • Playing a musical instrument • Driving a car • Once learned, skill stays with you for life

12. The Memory Process Encoding Storage Retrieval

13. Encoding • The processing of information into the memory system. Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party

14. Storage • The retention of encoded material over time. Trying to remember her name when you leave the party. Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

15. Retrieval • The process of getting the information out of memory storage. Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure). Finding your document and opening it up.

16. Encoding Getting the information in our heads!!!! How do you encode the info you read in our text?

17. Two ways to encode information • Automatic Processing • Effortful Processing

18. Automatic Processing • Unconscious encoding of incidental information. • You encode space, time, frequency and word meaning without effort. • Things can become automatic with practice. For example, if I tell you that you are pretty or handsome, you will encode the meaning of what I am saying to you without any effort.

19. Effortful Processing • Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. • Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. • Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. • Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. • Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique. • Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic.

20. Things to remember about Encoding • The Next-In-Line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next. • Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered. • Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

21. Spacing Effect • We encode better when we study or practice over time. • DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

22. Take out a piece of paper and…. List the U.S. Presidents Hint: 45 so far

23. The Presidents

24. Now try this one: Identify the gifts in “The Twelve Days of Christmas” • l Partridge, • 2 Turtle Doves, • 3 French Hens, • 4 Calling Birds, • 5 Golden Rings, • 6 Geese A-laying, • 7 Swans A-swimming, • 8 Maids A-milking, • 9 Ladies Dancing, • 10 Lords A-leaping, • 11 Pipers Piping, and • 12 Drummers Drumming.

25. Serial Positioning Effect • Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. Items Recalled If we graph how well an average person remembers presidential list or the gifts-- it would probably look something like this.

26. Serial Positioning Effect • Primacy Effect: remember the first few items in a list • Recency Effect: remember the last items in a list

28. Types of Encoding • Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words • Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. • Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

29. Which type works best?

30. Visual Encoding Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Both photos: Ho/AP Photo Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.

31. Not all thinking is in the form of concepts • Mental Imagery-representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality • Try this: Tell me as fast as you can how many windows are in the place you live? Shout it out when you have determined a number. • .

32. Try This: • Tell me as fast as you can how many windows are in the place you live? Shout it out! • Usually you will find that the first people to shout out an answer have fewer windows in their homes than those who take longer. • You might notice that people will look up, as if looking at an image that only they can see. • If asked, they will say that to determine the number of windows was determined by a “walk through” of their home. • Reference: Ciccarelli, Saundra and White, J. Nolan, AP Edition Psychology, 2nd Ed.

33. Tricks to Encode • Use imagery: mental pictures Mnemonic Devices use imagery. "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums." Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. HOMES Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior Give me some more examples….

34. Keyword method of mnemonics • In the keyword method you think of a word that sounds like all or part of the word to be remembered. • Then you create a scenario involving the associated word and the definition of the word-to-be-remembered. (remember parts of the brain?? Michael Brit) • One is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree, etc.. (pegwords)

35. Chunking • Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. • Often it will occur automatically. 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 Chunk- from Goonies Do these numbers mean anything to you? 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

36. 1,3 and 5 make little sense to us. But when we chunk the characters differently (2,4,6) they become easy to remember. Chunking

37. Storage How we retain the information we encode

38. Three Stages of Memory (Storage) Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory

39. Sensory Registers form memories • Iconic memory—snapshots—ability to remember visual memories • Lasts about ¼ second, as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears • Eidetic imagery  photographic memory • Echoic memory—sounds  acoustic codes • Last longer than visual codes (1-2 seconds) • Olfactory memory—smells  childhood memories generally associated with certain smells • Most vivid memories • Remember why??????

40. Short-Term Memory • Memory that holds a few items briefly. • Chunking  Seven digits (plus or minus two). • The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten. How do you store things from short-term to long-term? Rehearsal: • Maintenance • Repetition • Memorization • Elaborative • give meaning You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.

41. Working Memory(Modern day STM) • Another way of describing the use of short-term memory is called working memory. • Begins to fade within several seconds unless rehearsed • Causes: interference • Limited capacity  overload

42. Storage and Short-Term Memory • Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds. • Can store 7 (plus or minus two) chunks of information. • We recall digits better than letters.

44. Long-Term Memory • The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

45. Storage:Long-Term Memory • How does storage work? • Karl Lashley (1950) • rats learn maze • lesion cortex • test memory • Synaptic changes • Long-term Potentiation • increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation • Strong emotions make for stronger memories • some stress hormones boost learning and retention

46. How does our brain store long-term memories? • Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain. • They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

47. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) • The current theory of how our long-term memory works. • Memory has a neural basis. • LTP is an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. In other words, if you are trying to remember a phone number, the neurons are firing neurotransmitters through the synapse. The neuron gets used to firing in that pattern and essentially learns to fire in that distinct way. It is a form of rehearsal (but for our neurons).

48. Stress and Memory • Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM. • Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.

49. Types of LTM

50. The Hippocampus • Damage to the hippocampus disrupts our memory. • Left = Verbal • Right = Visual and Locations • The hippocampus is the like the librarian for the library which is our brain. • Still may create memories if hippocampus is damaged • Cerebellum plays a key role in forming and storing implicit memories created through classical conditioning • Dual explicit-implicit memory system explains infantile amnesia • Reactions and skills learned in infancy reach into the future  recall nothing from first three years • Conscious minds are blank, hippocampus one of the last brain structure to develop