Truck roll-over crash prevention program. Vehicle Management and Safety March 2010

1. Truck roll-over crash prevention program. Vehicle Management and Safety March 2010

2. Heavy vehicle rollover prevention program Aim to - • Create awareness to all stakeholders • Preserve driver • Reduce resultant trauma • Improve productivity • Reduce impact on environment • Reduce impact on community

3. Load restraint test

4. Analysis of load restraint test Driver does NOT know the trailer is going Already past the point of no return

5. Analysis of load restraint test Driver now knows, brake lights on 1 sec elapsed time, rims being scrubbed

6. Analysis of load restraint test Driver now feels it, catastrophic failure 2 sec elapsed time, cabin whipped over

7. Factors that influence roll-overs. Speed • Camber change in turn • Road litter • Engine failure • Missed gear • Inappropriate selection • Lane change downhill • Suspension condition • Tyre condition • Tyre pressure • New tyres • Axle alignment • Suspension type • Time pressure • Other road users • Mobile phones • Road knowledge • Centrifugal Force • Roundabout size • R-A-Bout Camber • Lack of time intersection • Intersection size • Tight Corners • Wrong Camber • Road condition • On ramps • Off ramps • Load location • Load viscosity • Load packing • Low tare weights • Gross weight • Load heights • Bed heights • Trailer format • Gravity • Speed • Changing direction • Acceleration. • Driver experience. • Sloshing. • Load movement. • Type of load. • Restraints • Friction • Stiction • Centre of Gravity • Driver alertness • Sun • Wind • Brake condition • Couplings • Number of trailers Gravity Friction Suspension Centre of Gravity (COG) CentrifugalForce

8. The forces centrifugal 20 T suspension Centre of gravity gravity friction

9. Centre of gravity (COG) 20 T 20 T 20 T Centre of gravity

10. Compared to a car

11. Do you know your load?

12. Load restraint issues

13. Centre of Gravity- it is that simple

14. Speed - Centrifugal force If a vehicle is forced to take evasive action, these forces are further multiplied. What to do: If you double your speed, the overturning force will be four times higher. As the speed increases the trailer tracks wider and forces increase on rear axle. This means that a slight increase in speed can be critical.

16. Dynamic forces, now add dynamic load • Milk tanker • 2 sec slosh cycle • Dynamically moving centre of gravity

17. Known dynamic load - Concrete truck.

18. Known dynamic load - Concrete truck.

19. Known dynamic load - Concrete truck.

20. Known dynamic load - Concrete truck.

21. Known dynamic load - Concrete truck.

22. Known dynamic load - Concrete truck.

23. Roundabout example

24. Locations 1

25. Locations 2

26. Locations – you can roll in a straight line too!

27. Straight line roll – identical trucks

28. All this leads to the ‘1k’ factor • Forces….summary • Fixed, constant types - gravity • Dynamic truck forces – centrifugal, speed, COG • Dynamic load forces, compounding on the truck • Unknowns … environment, other road users, • So, as little as 1 kph extra will make you roll over • If you are aware, and you add more than the 1kph space, that is give yourself decent headroom to allow for unknowns, you will get home without a roll over.

29. Strategies • Create a way that the industry can help themselves • Educate and inform the problem areas • Help the industry educate and inform associated industries • Review the freight task from a different perspective • Collect more focused data • Workshop the recommendations • Preserve the driver

30. Route management

31. Development of a self regulating code of behaviour • USE OF ENGINE BRAKES IN TOWNS • DROPPING OF DUST • LOAD SECURITY • USE OF UHF CB RADIO ON COMMON CHANNEL • ALLOWING TRAFFIC TO PASS • MASS LIMITS • TRAVELLING ON CORRECT SIDE OF ROAD • ROAD WORKS • TRAVELLING THROUGH TOWNS AND SCHOOL CROSSINGS • TIMES OF TRAVEL • LOAD HEIGHT • DRIVER INEXPERIENCE • FATIGUE MANAGEMENT

32. Example of particular issue ALLOWING TRAFFIC TO PASS Issue • On narrow hilly and winding roads loaded log trucks generally travel slower than other vehicles. It is well known that many drivers get impatient when travelling behind a slower truck. Action • We will as much as practicable (when safe and appropriate) slow down and pull to side of road to allow traffic to pass. When travelling behind another truck we will take into account the passing opportunities for other vehicles and not travel too close.

33. Preserve the driver

34. Cumulative factors case study • Who-Experienced driver who had driven this road many times before • What-Asix axle semi fully loaded with packs of timber • When- three hours into eastbound trip, late afternoon • Where-Country road, right hand bend with 85kmh advisory sign • How-Rolled to the left side spilling its load of timber for 50m

35. Load restraint issue, caused a rollover Why • Driver had not carted this load before • High COG load (2 more packs than normal) • Load restraint and movement • Suspension tilt • New tyres • Truck had minor change of direction • Fatigue • Negotiated corner at approximately 85kmh as usual • Corner had developed bumps just prior to apex

36. Corrective actions • Trucks fitted with new tyres have a yellow sticker indicating that care should be taken for first 5000km • Induction and mentoring program for drivers • All company personnel have attended a rollover awareness course • Drivers retrained on load restraint and re-tensioning of straps • Loading and restraint methods are being reviewed by all parties in the transport chain

37. Logging industry actions • Development of a Code of Behaviour • Induction and mentoring program • Roll-over awareness sessions for all parties in the chain • Safety alerts for higher risk roads (Traffic management) • Voluntary load height limits on higher risk roads • Changes in loading and unloading practices • Change vehicle design, low bed heights and drop decks • Cutting wood specifically to length for each truck • Use most appropriate vehicle • Use of EBS roll-over stability braking systems

38. Code of behaviour actions Concrete industry example- • Extensive education, mentoring and induction process. • Gain experience as a passenger, co driver, then low risk • Operator has identified more risky sections of roads • Safety alerts on risks issued to drivers • Turn drum off for higher risk loads on more risky sections of roads • Clean drums reduce weight • Truck characteristics individually assessed • use extra stiff suspensions for more hazardous roads

39. What can you do? • Be aware of the limits, not just your job • Back off more from the limits, not just speed • Be aware of the community impact • Keep the information flowing • Develop a code of behaviour, and OWN it! • Educate others, this is not a driver problem alone • If unsure, ask for help • This is an industry driven incentive, we are just helping you do it. You need to help each other do it. Everyone will thank you for your effort

40. Where next • Technology – RPS, EBS, • Improvements in vehicle design • Improve this • Other research • Licence endorsements • Insurance cost reduction • National consistency