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Early Indian Civilization

Early Indian Civilization. Indigenous (pre- Ayran ) Indian cultures Indo- Ayran migration Sanskrit Vedas Upanishads jati (caste) dharma. Bogus “Aryans”. Real Aryans. Greece. Mesopotamia. Egypt. Indus. Ganges. Greece. Mesopotamia. Egypt. Indus. Ganges.

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Early Indian Civilization

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  1. Early Indian Civilization

  2. Indigenous (pre-Ayran) Indian cultures • Indo-Ayran migration • Sanskrit • Vedas • Upanishads • jati (caste) • dharma

  3. Bogus “Aryans”

  4. Real Aryans

  5. Greece Mesopotamia Egypt Indus Ganges

  6. Greece Mesopotamia Egypt Indus Ganges

  7. Gender RelationsandPatriarchy

  8. What was the “original” male-female relationship? • Gender roles • biologically determined? • When does “social construction” become important?

  9. Does religion require orreflect/reinforce ? • Evidence: • Hammurabi • Leviticus • Indian culture • Kama Sutra - sexuality embraced • Greek culture • Homophrosyne • Helen vs. Penelope

  10. Why are gender relations a problem? • Eros = potential chaos • Gender roles need to be clear and understood • Prohibitions against homosexuality • Female “circumcision” (FGM) • Eros biologically determined. • Gender socially determined.

  11. “Genderbread Man”

  12. Socially Determined “Genderbread Man” Biologically Determined Socially Determined Biologically Determined

  13. Ancient Greece and the Modern GLBT Movement • Sappho of Lesbos Lacedaemon

  14. Kore Kouros

  15. Aphrodite of Cnidus by Praxiteles 400 - 323 BCE

  16. What was the real nature of male-male friendship in Ancient Greece? • Homosocial environments • No reference to male-male sex in the Iliad or Odsessy • But . . . What was the nature of the friendship between Achilles andPatroclus?

  17. By c. 500 BCE • The “lover” and “beloved” relationship

  18. Harmodius and Aristogeiton assassinated Hipparchus in 514 BCE Harmodius Aristogeiton

  19. Alcibiades (450–404 BC): “In his adolescence he drew away the husbands from their wives, and as a young man the wives from their husbands.” Diogenes Laeurtius

  20. “The noble lover of beauty engages in love wherever he sees excellence and splendid natural endowment without regard for any difference in physiological detail.” Plutarch (46 – 120 CE) Erotikos (Dialogue on Love)

  21. Sex was less the problem than what a specific sex act says about gender.

  22. Moderation • Hesiod • “Observe due measure, moderation is best in all things.' • Euripides • “Moderation, the noblest gift of heaven” • Plato • “We should pursue and practice moderation.”

  23. Ancient China

  24. How is development in ancient China the same as that in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India? • How is it different? • Geography? • Political and social organization? • Religion?

  25. Chinese Dynasties • “Three Sovereigns and the Five Emperors” (“Culture Heroes and Sage Kings”) 2852 – 2205 BCE • Xia 2070–1766 BCE • Shang 1766 – 1122 BCE • Zhou 1122 – 481 BCE “Mandate of Heaven”

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