Documenting your sources of information . . .

1. Documenting your sources of information . . . • shows the foundation on which your work is built.

2. Documentation takes two forms • Reference List at end of document • Can be alphabetical list or numbered list • In-Text citations • Use some system to map to references described more thoroughly at end of document.

3. In-Text Citations • If numbered list will be used, use superscript or bracketed numbers at end of sentence: • One researcher has reported that air quality is declining in most U.S. cities [1]. • If alphabetical list will be used, put author and date in parentheses: • One researcher has reported that air quality is declining in most U.S. cities (Turnbull 1998). • Most common in engineering. • Put citation as close as possible to quotation or cited information.

4. Documenting quotations and paraphrases • “An alternative to the common drain field is the Seepage Pit (Dry Well). In this type, liquid flows to a pre-cast tank with sidewall holes, surrounded by gravel” (Miller 2004). • P. Miller (2004) describes the Seepage Pit (Dry Well) as an alternative to the drain field. “In this type, liquid flows to a pre-cast tank with sidewall holes, surrounded by gravel.”

5. In-Text Citations: Three Types • Referencing ideas or facts found in the source: • RDX has been used in a mixture with other explosives to produce bursting charges for bombs (Rizk 1996). • Quoting directly from the source: • Research has shown that RDX “has long been used in a mixture with other explosives” (Rizk 1996, 24). • Giving credit to the author as part of the flow of your sentence: • Rizk (1996) reviewed the uses of RDX and found they included being used in a mixture with other explosives.

6. In-Text Citations (con.) • Citing two or more sources written by the same author and published in the same year: • (Rizk 1996a) • (Rizk 1996b) • Citing work by more than one author: • Two or three authors -- give all their names: • (Hart and Kinnas 1998) • (Hart, Kinnas, and Hardjanto 1998) • More than three authors – first author’s name, followed by “et al.”: • (Hart et al. 1998)

7. In-Text Citations (con.) • If source does not name the author, give name of sponsoring or publishing organization: • (National Cancer Institute 1993). • When naming two or more sources in one place, separate them with semicolons: • (Justin 1994; Skol 1972; Wiess 1986). • If your citation refers to material found in several sentences, place it in a topic sentence: A much different account of the goals of risk communication is found in the seminal work published by the National Research Council (1989).

8. In-text citations map to Reference List at end of document. • ABET (2005), “Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs,” Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, ABET, Inc., Baltimore Md. • American Psychological Association (2002). http://www.apa.org/ethics/homepage.html. Reprinted from December 2002 issue of the American Psychologist (Vol. 57, pp. 1060—1073). Accessed March 2006. • Bird, S. J., and Dustira, A.K. (1999). “Misconduct in Science: Controversy and Progress” (Editorial in the Special Issue on Scientific Misconduct). Science and Engineering Ethics 5(2):131-137. • Bransford, J. D., Brown, A., and Cocking, R.R., eds. (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. • Cleveland, W.S. (1994). The Elements of Graphing Data. Revised edition. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press.

9. List of References • Use a style manual common in your field. In social science and engineering, many journals follow the APA (American Psychological Association) style: author/date system. • Check the guidelines published by professional societies in your field: American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE), Transportation Research Board, etc. • see the ASCE Web site: http://www.pubs.asce.org/authors/index.html (Manuscript Requirements)

10. Print vs. Online References • Print reference: • Beverly, C. 1993. The ethics of technology in education. Professional Ethics 37:3, 77-81. • Online reference: • Beverly, C. 1993. The ethics of technology in education <http://rgfn.epcc.edu> (30 Aug. 2000). • Notice additional two pieces of information in online reference: • pathway • date of access

11. References to Online Publications • Follow the guidelines in the Columbia Guide to Online Style, 1998. New York: Columbia University Press. • See also the Web site: • www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos/idx_basic.html

12. Citing Private Correspondence and Interviews • APA standards allow citation of non-published sources only in the text in parentheses. • Indicate person, affiliation, and detailed date. • In several interviews with Mr. Herbert Watchman, we gathered his expert opinion about time required for these software-development tasks (Motorola, February 2006).