Unit 1: Earth Science Essentials

1. Unit 1: Earth Science Essentials Mrs.Mauer

2. Temperature: Measure of the Average Kinetic Energy of molecules

3. 3 Scales to Measure Temperature • Fahrenheit: • Water freezes at 32 • Water Boils at 212 • Celsius: • Water freezes at 0 • Water Boils at 100 • Fahrenheit and Celsius meet at -40

4. Lord Kelvin 1. The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic temperature scale where absolute zero, the theoretical absence of all thermal energy, is zero kelvin (0 K). 2. This means 0 K = molecules aren’t moving 3. Never say degrees Kelvin!

5. 4 States of Matter • If temperature is based on the movement of molecules, let’s look at the 4 phases of matter which describe their movement • Solid, Liquid, Gas, and Plasma

6. Plasma? • Plasma is defined as partially ionized gas • What does that mean? • It means that electrons aren’t tied to their atoms like they are normally • What do I need to know? • The sun is an example of a plasma meaning that it is ionized gas!

7. Practice Problem: Which of the following is the highest temperature? Lowest? A.) 30 ° C B.) 270 ° K C.) 74 ° F D.) 0 ° C

8. What Makes the 4 States of Matter Different? • The motion of their molecules State of Matter Type of Motion Solid Vibrating Liquid Sliding Gas Bouncing Plasma Colliding

10. When Molecules stop moving they are at absolute 0 or -273 C

11. Measurements • Like temperature they are a lot of ways to measure something. • There can be errors in measurement. • We can calculate this error! Percent Error or Percent Deviation Measured - actual x100 actual

12. Practice Problem • You measure a soccer field to be 102 meters long. It is actually 100 m long. What is your % deviation?

13. Practice Problem You measure a room to be 8 meters wide. It is actually 10 m wide. What is your % deviation?

14. Density: Concentration of Matter Also…how tightly packed the molecules are D= Mass/Volume Units are g/cm3 Mass: Amount of matter Volume: Amount of space an object takes up

15. Mass & Volume

16. Practice Problem A 15g rock takes up 5 cm3. What is its density? How can I make the rock MORE dense? Less dense? When a substance is heated, its molecules move faster, and it EXPANDS. What variable is changing? • VOLUME. If volume increases, density: DECREASES

17. Trick Question • When an object becomes a solid it is almost always more dense than in its liquid form. • Name the substance that defies this law! • Water!

18. Density of Irregularly Shaped Objects • Water Displacement • Remember: • D=m/v • Weigh the object on the balance • Measure the change in volume. • 3. Plug & Chug

19. How would the density of each piece of the rock compare to its original density?

20. Comparing Densities • You drop a coin into a jar with 4 different liquids of different densities. Where will the coin, with a D= 2.4 g/cm3 end up?

21. More Thought Provoking Q’s • If you compress a squishy ball of goo, how would its density change and how quickly would it change? • Rate of Change: How fast something changes. • Look at Change in field value Change in time Field Value= Whatever you are measuring!

22. Practice Problem Look at Monday night’s temperature change: Examine the values below and calculate the R.O.C. from 10 PM to 6 AM Rate of change = -16° F 8 hours = -2.0°F/hr

23. Graphing is the best way to show rate changes!

24. Essential Parts of a Graph • Title • X & Y Axis indicators • X & Y Axis Labels • X & Y Axis Units • Data!

25. Fill in the Missing Info

26. Common Graphing Problems • Extrapolation • Interpolation

27. Extrapolation • Extending your graph with data points you don’t know

28. Interpolation • Adding data points within your set of data