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ASC 232 • Descriptive Phonetics Distinctive Features

ASC 232 • Descriptive Phonetics Distinctive Features. Eulenberg/Shepard Spring 2005. Phonological Analysis. A Phonological Analysis consists of the following elements: List of the phonemes of a language Classification system for categorizing the phonemes

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ASC 232 • Descriptive Phonetics Distinctive Features

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  1. ASC 232 • Descriptive PhoneticsDistinctive Features Eulenberg/Shepard Spring 2005

  2. Phonological Analysis • A Phonological Analysis consists of the following elements: • List of the phonemes of a language • Classification system for categorizing the phonemes • Phonotactics - positional and sequential occurrences of phonemes within a language • List of the allophonic variations for each of the phonemes

  3. Alternative Classification SystemsFor Describing and Categorizing Phonemes • Classical phonetic features of place and manner, and voicing • Distinctive Features

  4. Classical Phonetic Features /p / specified using articulatory descriptors: / p / = voiceless bilabial stop

  5. Distinctive Features /p / described as a bundle of features • [-Vocalic] • [+Consonantal] • [-Sonorant] • [-Coronal] • [+Anterior] • [-High] • [- Low] • [- Back] • [- Rounded] • [- Distributed] • [- Nasal] • [- Lateral] • [- Continuant] • [+Tense] • [- Voiced] • [-Strident]

  6. Distinctive Feature Theory • Roman Jakobson • Prague School of Linguistics (Pre-WWII) • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University • Gunnar Fant • KTH - Royal Technical Institute, Stockholm, Sweden • Morris Halle • Masschusetts Institute of Technology

  7. Uses for Distinctive Features • To specify a phoneme • To specify a class of phonemes • To describe the set of speech sounds used in a particular language or dialect • To write concise rules of phonetic change • To characterize a speech disorder • e.g. substitution, often involving a change of feature)

  8. Distinctive Features • Features are binary (+ or - values) • Each speech sound may be described as a “bundle” of features • Each member of every pair of phones is distinguished from the other member by at least one feature value • Features are universal, but a given language may use a subset of features as distinctive

  9. Features(*=Original Jakobson, Fant & Halle features) • *Vocalic/Nonvocalic • *Consonantal/Nonconsonantal • Sonorant/Obstruent • Rhotic/Nonrhotic (vowels) • Advanced/Nonadvanced (vowels and diphthongs) • Front/Nonfront (vowels) • Coronal/Noncoronal [=*Acute/Grave] • Anterior/Nonanterior [=*Compact/Diffuse] (consonants)

  10. Features, continued (*=Original Jakobson, Fant & Halle features) • High/Nonhigh • Low/Nonlow • Back/Nonback

  11. Features, continued (*=Original Jakobson, Fant & Halle features) • Rounded/Nonrounded (*Flat/Plain) • Distributed/Nondistributed • *Nasal/nonnasal • Lateral/Nonlateral

  12. Features, concluded(*=Original Jakobson, Fant & Halle features) • *Continuant/Stop • *Tense/lax (vowels) • *Voiced/voiceless • *Strident/Nonstrident (consonants)

  13. Redundancy Rules • All vowels in English are [+ Voiced] • All [-Voiced] sounds are [+Consonantal], [-Nasal], [-Sonorant] and [-Vocalic] • [+Anterior] sounds are [-Distributed] • Sounds that are both [-Continuant] and [+Anterior] are [-Strident] • [-Coronal] sounds are [-Lateral]

  14. With Redundancy eliminated [-Voiced] [-Continuant] [+Anterior] [-Coronal] /p/=

  15. Features Used to Define A Class • Class of “Stop Consonants” • /p,b,t,d,k,g/: [+Consonantal] [-Vocalic] [-Continuant] [-Nasal] [-Distributed]

  16. Concept of “Complement” A is the complement of B B is the complement of A B A A “complements” B. A + B = whole

  17. Complementary Distribution • aspirated /p/ in syllable initial position “pot” [p(et] • non-aspirated after /s/ “spot” [sp)et]

  18. Free Variation • “cigarette” - stress on first or last syllable • “economics” - first vowel sound /i/ or /2/ • aspiration of final /p/ in “pop”

  19. Phonotactic Rules • Some languages permit only CV syllables • English has consonant clusters “sixths” • Some languages permit engma [a] as first sound in a word • If a word starts with three consonants, the first must be /s/

  20. Levels of Structure • Phone • Phoneme • Morpheme • Word • Phrase • Sentence • Paragraph

  21. Phonological Rules • Sound Changes • Example: “write” /re]t/ “writing” /re]ú8a / /t/ becomes /ú/ when it occurs between a preceding vowel and a following non-stressed vowel

  22. Using Distinctive Features To Indicate A Sound Change Rule / [+Voiced] [-Voiced]  +Coronal +Anterior --------- -Continuant -Nasal + Vocalic -Consonantal +Vocalic -Consonantal -Stress

  23. Example of a Substitution Rule /c//s/ A common substitution made by children “shoe” pronounced as “Sue”

  24. + Consonantal + Coronal - Nasal - Low ------------- ------------- +Strident -Voiced -Anterior +High  + Anterior -High / Feature Representation of Rule

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