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Anthropology Review. Introduction To Anthropology. Introduction To Anthropology. Theory- explanation of theories or laws Hypothesis- prediction which can be derived from theories Emic- An account that is a description of a behavior or a belief that comes from a person within the culture
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Introduction To Anthropology • Theory- explanation of theories or laws • Hypothesis- prediction which can be derived from theories • Emic- An account that is a description of a behavior or a belief that comes from a person within the culture • Etic- An account that is a description of a behavior or belief by a social analyst or scientific observer whom attempts to be 'culturally neutral‘.
Introduction To Anthropology • Fieldwork- first hand experience with the people being studied. Used most often by Anthropologists • Participant observation- living and studying among the people being studied. • Ethnography- a description of a societies customary behaviors or ideas
Introduction To Anthropology • Linguistic anthropology- is the study of how language influences social life. It originated from the endeavor to document endangered languages, and has grown over the past 100 years to encompass almost any aspect of language structure and use. • Excavation- the careful removal of the archeological deposits and the recovery of artifacts, ecofacts and fossils which have been buried. • Holistic approach- using all aspects to study a culture, including fieldwork, participating observation and outside knowledge and studies
Introduction To Anthropology • Franz Boas- The Father of American Anthropology. Boas also introduced the ideology of cultural relativism which holds that cultures cannot be objectively ranked as higher or lower, or better or more correct, but that all humans see the world through the lens of their own culture, and judge it according to their own culturally acquired norms. • Claude Lévi-Strauss- the development of the theory of structuralism and structural anthropology which is to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.
Introduction To Anthropology • Margaret Mead- was the first anthropologistto look at human development in a cross-cultural perspective with her book Coming of Age in Samoa. Also a leader in feminist theory in Anthropology • Marvin Harris- A prolific writer, he was highly influential in the development of cultural materialism • Bronislaw Malinowski- Functionalism & Holism
Introduction To Anthropology Mead Harris Malinowski
Introduction To Anthropology • Structuralism- to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel. • Functionalism- the search for the way that the part or function of some aspect of culture or social life plays in maintaining the whole of the social system • Feminist theory- seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Simultaneously, feminist anthropology challenges essentialist feminist theories developed in EuroAmerica before the institution and acceptance of women in the field.
Introduction To Anthropology • Cultural ecology- is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments • Environmental anthropology- is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time • Cultural materialism- school of thought (or "research strategy") that says that the best way to understand human culture is to examine material conditions - climate, food supply, geography, etc. • Sapir-Whorf hypothesis- a hypothesis, first advanced by Edward Sapir in 1929 and subsequently developed by Benjamin Whorf, that the structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of experience.
Biological anthropology • Race- major division of humans having distinct physical characteristics. • Ethnicity- the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. • Genotype- observable traits of an individual • Phenotype- non-visible genetic identity of an individual
Biological anthropology • Population- all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country. • Gene pool- stock of different genes in an interbreeding population. • Genetic drift- statistical model by which certain genes become more frequent than others over the course of many generations, based in part on factors which, over time, are seen as random. • Gene flow- The movement of genes from different populations of species.
Biological anthropology • Natural selection- the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution. • Adaptation- An alteration or adjustment in structure or habits, often hereditary, by which a species or individual improves its condition in relationship to its environment. • Mutation- the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
Biological anthropology • Proconsul- It lived from about 23 to 14 million years ago. It was discovered by Louis Leakey in the 1930s at Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria, Africa. • Ramamorphs- an extinct group of primates that lived from about 12 to 14 million years ago, for a time regarded as a possible ancestor of Australopithecus and, therefore, of modern humans. • Australopithecines- Australopithecus is an extinct genus of hominids. From the evidence gathered by paleontologists and archaeologists, it appears that the Australopithecus genus evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million and were bipedal and had dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than that of modern apes.
Biological anthropology • Arboreal- (chiefly of animals) living in trees. • Bipedal – (of an animal) using only two legs for walking. • Foramen magnum- is a large opening in the occipital bone of the cranium. In humans, the foramen magnum is farther underneath the head than in the other great apes. Thus, in humans, the neck muscles do not need to be as robust in order to hold the head upright. Comparisons of the position of the foramen magnum in early hominid species are useful to determine how comfortable a particular species was when walking on two limbs (bipedalism) rather than four (quadrupedalism).
Biological anthropology • Homo habilis- 1.9-1.5 years agi in Africa. Was about 5 feet tall, 100 pounds, had a larger brain and smaller back teeth. Used stone tools, were omnivores ,scavengers and lived in social groups • Homo erectus-1.8-200,000 years ago in Africa, Asia. Had a large brain, tall, thin, narrow pelvis and a full upright stance. Also used flint-head axes as tools also used FIRE! Possible emergence of language came from them • Neanderthals- 230,000-30,000 years ago in Europe, Western Asia and the Middle East. Had brain larger than modern humans with a stocky and muscular frame with short limbs. They hunted large animals in groups, cared for sick, old and wounded with evidence of burial rituals and a use of simple language.
Biological anthropology • Cro-Magnon man- is a name that has been used to describe the first early modern humans of the European Upper Paleolithic. The Cro-Magnons averaged 6 feet 7 inches which could well have given rise to the ‘giants’ referred to in Classical and biblical texts • Homo sapiens- 100,000 years ago until present. Found all around the world had a large brain, slender bones, a high, round skull and small teeth. Used tools for sewing, hunting and sculpting. Had semi-permanent to permanent settlements and did human burials. Developed advanced language use.
Cultural anthropology • Culture- the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. • Society- is a group of people involved with each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations • Subculture- a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture. • Enculturation- the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture, etc
Cultural anthropology • Norms- a principle of right action binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior • Folkways- the traditional behavior or way of life of a particular community or group of people. • Taboos- a social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing. • Symbols- a material object representing something abstract.
Cultural anthropology • Language- the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. • Ethnocentric/ethnocentrism- belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group • Cultural relativism- Cultural relativism is the principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself. Originating in the work of Franz Boas
Cultural anthropology • Egalitarian societies- societies in which there is a belief in human equality especially with respect to social, political, and economic affairs • Sex vs. gender- sex: the biological makeup of an individual‘s reproductive anatomy gender: individual's lifestyle (often culturally learned) or personal identification of one's own gender
Cultural anthropology • Class societies- is a set of concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle, and lower classes • Caste societies- form of social stratification characterized by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution
Cultural anthropology • Band- A unit of social organization especially among hunter-gatherers, consisting of a usually small number of families living together cooperatively. • Tribe- a social division of a people, esp of a preliterate people, defined in terms of common descent, territory, culture, etc. • Chiefdom- A chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization in non-industrial societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses' • Civilization- the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.
Cultural anthropology • Pastoralism- social organization based on livestock raising as the primary economic activity • Hunting and gathering- group that supports itself by hunting and fishing and by gathering wild fruits and vegetables; usually nomadic. • Horticulturalists- a person in the science, technology, and business involved in intensive plant cultivation for human use.
Cultural anthropology • Kinship- Connection by blood, marriage, or adoption; family relationship. • Marriage- the formal union of people, typically recognized by law, by which they become a formalized unit. • Endogamy- the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe. • Exogamy- the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.
