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Bases of Inequality

Coercion - Armed Force to ensure that have-nots fulfill obligations - Elites dependant on support of foreign power - Power only shared across class lines when those below show organization and potential use of force. Hegemony - Ideology: changes over time. Bases of Inequality.

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Bases of Inequality

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  1. Coercion - Armed Force to ensure that have-nots fulfill obligations - Elites dependant on support of foreign power - Power only shared across class lines when those below show organization and potential use of force Hegemony - Ideology: changes over time Bases of Inequality

  2. Participants at Independence

  3. New Groups gain Participation • 1. Late 19th: Commercial Sector Associated with Export and Import • 2. Early 20th: Industrial Elites and Middle Classes • 3. 1920s/30s: Labor Begins Organizing (not real player in most countries until 1940s/50s) • 4. Peasants (slowest to achieve participation)

  4. Becoming a Participant • Military Faction (by seizing garrisons) • Peasants (by seizing land) • Student group (demonstrating ability to turn out numbers for march) • Political Party (getting votes)

  5. Today’s Actors

  6. Arenas and “Weapons” of Political Action • 1. Least Developed: Private Arena of family pressure, blackmail, contacts, bribery, graft • 2. Most Developed: Public Arena of elections, debates, judicial review • 3. Intermediate Arenas: “The Streets” – strikes, riots, demonstrations

  7. Social Change • Can be stimulated by new or imported ideologies (Marxism, Liberalism, Indigenismo, Liberation Theology) • Can be stimulated by new actors (development agencies, immigrant labor leaders) • Can be stimulated by disasters (earthquakes, wars, economic collapse)

  8. 3 Main Processes • 1. EVOLUTION (incorporation of new actors, representing previously unrepresented social strata, without displacement of previous participants in system) • REVOLUTION (displacement of groups representing one or more strata from the upper reaches of social pyramid) • COUNTER-REVOLUTION (displacement or elimination of effective participation of groups representing strata from the base of the social pyramid)

  9. EVOLUTION • Most developed in Southern Cone and Costa Rica • Easier to admit new groups in periods of economic expansion • Middle class gets access through parties; requires some support of working classes, so makes some concessions (social programs) • Working class participation rarer • Reversed in periods of economic decline

  10. REVOLUTION • 2 stages of violence • Haiti (1804) • Mexico (1911) • Bolivia (1952) • Cuba (1959) • Nicaragua (1979)

  11. Factors that Block Evolutionary Nonviolent Change • 1. Great social distance between elites and masses • 2. Close ties between dominant power and client state • 3. Physical uprooting of subject populations

  12. Phases of Revolution • 1. Power Transfer • 2. Class Demolition and Redistribution • 3. Institutionalization

  13. COUNTERREVOLUTION • Guatemala (1954) • Brazil (1964) • Bolivia (1964) • Chile (1973) • Uruguay (1973) • Argentina (1966, 1976)

  14. Facilitating Factors for Counterrevolution • 1. Economic deterioriation, especially runaway inflation • 2. Threat to military • 3. Help or neutrality of dominant foreign power

  15. Phases of Counterrevolution • 1. Consolidation • 2. Political Demobilization • 3. Economic Transformation • 4. Institutionalization • 5. Decompression

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