Unit 7 1820-1900: Western Nationalism Modern World AMDG

1. Unit 7 1820-1900: Western Nationalism Modern World AMDG

3. C). Effects of Nationalism Latin American Independence Movements Italian / German Unification Division / Revolution in France / Russia Surge in Balkan Nationalism & WWI D). Major Leaders / Events in the Nationalistic Era 1). Miguel Hidalgo 2). Toussaint L�Ouverture 3). Simon Bolivar 4). The Dreyfus Affair 5). Giuseppe Garibaldi 6). Otto Von Bismarck

4. I). Nationalism in Latin America A). European Colonial Rule 1). Economics Extraction Based Economy European Interests Labor Conditions 2). Social Hierarchy Peninsulares Creoles Meztizos Natives 3). Discontent & Revolution Factors: Low Social Mobility Liberalism & Education Slavery / Poor Working Conditions Napoleonic Conflicts 1801-1825 Wars for Independence

5. B). Haiti 1). Background Western 1/3 of Hispaniola: �Land of Mountains� 1600�s: Safe Haven for Pirates 1700�s: French Colony ? Major Center for Coffee & Sugar Production 1789: Creoles Refused Meztizo�s Representation on Local Levels & the National Assembly 2). Revolt: 1793-1804 Early Stages � Guerilla Warfare Led by Toussaint L�Ouverture 1801 Controlled All of Hispaniola 1802 Napoleonic Invasion 1803-1804: British / American Assistance 3). Significance 1st Successful Revolt by a Non-European Colony vs. a European Power 2nd Nation in Western Hemisphere to Attain Independence Model for Future Latin American Revolts

6. C). Mexican Independence Movement - 1810-1821 1). Background 1808 Ferdinand VII Deposed Radical Clergy, Meztizos, Native Movements 2). 1810-1815 Guerilla War Miguel Hidalgo Jose Maria Morelos Creole Conservatives 3). Independence 1821 Liberal Spanish Constitution Conservative Iturbide Regime 1823 Republic Effects on Central America

7. D). South America 1). Background 1808 Refusal to Acknowledge Napoleon�s Colonial Governments Leadership Attempts at a Unified South America 1810-1826 2). Independence Movements Bolivar in Venezuela San Martin in Argentina O�Higgins in Chile �Gran-Colombia� & �Panamericanism� 3). Brazil Situation King Joao & Napoleon Rio de Janiero as Portuguese Capital Reign of Pedro I

8. E). Challenges to Latin American Growth 1). Geographic Obstacles Andean Range Amazonian Rainforest 2). Authoritarian Heritage 1500-1820�s: Spanish Control Lack of Self-Government �Permanent Childhood� 3). Church Influence Conservative Views of Catholic Church Control of Free Speech Repression of Liberalism

9. II). Nationalism � European Stability & Unity: France, Italy & Germany A). France (1815-1900) 1). Bourbon Restoration (1815-1848) Louis XVIII & The Constitutional Monarchy Charles X & The Ultraroyalists �Les Trois Glorieuses� Louis Philippe: �The Citizen�s King� 2). The Second Republic (1848-1870) Constitution / Government Structure Election of Louis Napoleon The Church & Political Discontent The Plebiscite & The Empire Napoleon III�s Accomplishments 3). The Third Republic (1871-1940) 1870 Franco-Prussian War �Commune of Paris� Republic Structure

10. (Third Republic Continued) Challenges: 1). Boulanger Affair 2). Failure of the Panama Company 3). Dreyfuss Affair Result: France emerged strong, tested and industrialized from the era of nationalism (1820-1900) French Republics (Reference): 1). 1792-1804 � 1st Republic 2). 1848-1852 � 2nd Republic 3). 1870-1940 � 3rd Republic 4). 1945-1958 � 4th Republic 5). 1958-Pres. � 5th Republic

11. B). Unification of Italy 1). Historical Reasons for Division 1. Foreign Influence 2. Cultural/Economic Barriers 3. Poor Infrastructure 4. Papal Interference 2). Italian Nationalism �Risorgimento� Mazzini Quote: �Without Country you have neither name, voice, nor rights, no admission as brothers in to the fellowship of the peoples. You are bastards of Humanity.� 1831 Young Italy 1848 Revolution 3). Unification (1849-1860) Role of Emmanuel / Count Cavour 1858 Agreement w/ Napoleon III 1859: N. Italy United (Except Venetia) Role of Garibaldi in Southern Italy Feb. 1861: Italy Unified

12. 4). Building the Italian Nation Problems: 1. N / S Disparity 2. Sardinian Authority 3. Economic Barriers 1870: 1. Deterioration of Barriers 2. Gained Venetia 1866 3. Gained Rome 1870 C). Unification of Germany 1). Germany 1815-1864 Reasons for Traditional Division: 1. Fragmentation 2. Religious Division 3. Foreign Influence

13. Germany 1815-1864 (Continue) Post 1830�s Steps Toward Unity: 1. Prussian �Zollverein� 2. Elimination of Radicals / Liberals 3. Post 1861 Militarization 4). Bismarck as PM, 1861 Bismarck (1815-1898) Junker Class Diplomat �Realpolitik� Philosopher Suppression of Liberalism & Militarization Goals: 1. Expel Austria from Confederation 2. Overcome N/S Cultural Differences 3. Militarize & Unify 2). Wars Toward Unity (1864-1871) 1. 1864 Danish War (Schleswig-Holstein) 2. Austro-Prussian War, June 1866 3. Franco-Prussian War July 1870

14. 3). Germany United January 18, 1871 Wilhelm I, Emperor Bismarck, Chancellor 25 German States, 1 Federation Issues: Kulturkampf Industrialization Socialist Movement End of Bismarck�s Career German �Reichs� (for reference): 1st Reich, �Holy Roman Empire� (800-1800) 2nd Reich, �Hohenzollern Monarchy (1871-1919) 3rd Reich, �National Socialism� (1933-1945)

15. III). Nationalism & European Political Division: Russia & Austria A). Russia Introduction � Russia in the 19th Century Cultural / Ethnic / Religious Diversity Industrial / Military Issues Autocratic Government Endurance of Serfdom 1). Autocracy: 1800-1861 Early 19th Century Constitutional Reforms Alexander I & the Napoleonic Wars 1825 Decembrist Revolts Conservative Reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855) 2). Alexander II � The Reformer, 1855-1881 Industrialization & the Emancipation of Serfs Formation of Zemstvos Other Significant Reforms

16. 3). Russification Radical Movements & the Assassination of Alexander II Conservative Reign of Alexander III (1881-1894) Russification Movement Russian Jewish Community & the Pogroms 4). 1905 Revolution Weaknesses of Czar Nicholas II (1894-1919) Rising #�s of Discontents w/in Russia The Marxists: Mensheviks / Bolsheviks Upheavals: Role of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904 Bloody Sunday, 1905 Formation of Soviets 1905 Formation of the �Duma� Eventual disbanding of the Duma ? Revolution

17. B). Austria Introduction � 19th Century Austria Most Dominant Eastern European Power Post-Napoleonic Conservatism Ethnic / Geographic / Religious Divisions 1). Revolution of 1848 Role of Klemens von Metternich Limited Success of 1848 Revolution Late 1848 Restoration of Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916) 2). The Duel Monarchy 1848 Hungarian Revolt, Led by Kossuth Significance of the Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Ausgleich, 1867 Alienation of Slavic Regions / Peoples

18. 3). Balkan Regions a). Overview 19th Century Condition of the Ottoman Empire Austria�s Desire to Expand into Balkans Ottoman Suppression of the 1875 Balkan Revolt b). Congress of Berlin 1877 Russo-Turk War European Conference on Balkans @ Berlin: Cyprus � GB Bulgaria � Russia Bosnia / Herzgovinia � Austria Serbia / Montenegro / Romania � Independent c). Powder Keg of Europe 1877-1914= Rising Balkan Nationalism Serbian Growth / Russian Aid Dangerous Political Divisions in Europe Initial Cause of WWI