Emergence of the Americas in Global Affairs

1. Emergence of the Americas in Global Affairs Aka: U.S. Imperialism 1880-1929

2. Where left off in 1870…. Immigration Urbanization Industrialization Gilded Age Continued Westward Expansion (and the displacement of Native Americans)

3. Imperialism A policy or practice by which a country increases its power by gaining control over other areas of the world. Age of American Exceptionalism: To civilize and Christianize. The “new” Manifest Destiny

6. Yellow Journalism Style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts. This was a major factor in pushing the U.S into war with Spain. Best example of this: competition between New York City newspapers and their publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. Used sensationalism to boost sales of their newspapers. Height of influence: reporting of the facts from the bombing of the U.S.S Maine in Havana Harbor and the start of the Spanish-American War.

7. Cuban Revolution • Began in 1895 as a movement for an independent Cuba from Spain (this movement had been attempted earlier with no success) • The U.S. was beginning to expand it’s foreign trade and policies and took great interest in Cuba—and supporting the cause of independence. • And protecting the sugarcane trade/plantations • Significant leaders include: Maximo Garcia and Jose Marti • Yellow Journalists would drum up support for the movement and would eventually advocate war with Spain to ensure an independent Cuba.

8. Cuban Hero: Jose Marti

9. Spanish-American War Between Spain and the United States in 1898 Revolution in Cuba (1895-98) caught the attention of the United States due to the instability it created in a region so close to the U.S. (Cuba is only 90 miles off the coast of Florida) American public was outraged over the harsh treatment from the Spaniards and fully supported the Cuban Rebels.

10. “Remember the Maine” On February 15, 1898, the U.S. battleship, the “USS Maine” exploded and sank in Havana Harbor. The circumstances of the explosion are very mysterious, but this event made U.S. intervention very likely. On April 11, 1898, President McKinley asked Congress for authorization to end the fighting in Cuba and create a stable government. On April 20th, 1898, the U.S. officially recognized Cuba’s independence from Spain. On April 22nd, Spain declared war on the U.S and on April 25th, the U.S Congress voted to go to war.

13. Spanish-American War Cont…. The first battle was fought on May 1st in Manila in the Philippines (which was Spanish territory as well) On June 10th U.S. troops landed at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Spain was incredibly weak and fighting lasted for 4 months. Fighting ended in August of 1898 and the Treaty of Paris forced Spain to give independence to Cuba, to cede Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S and to sell the Philippines for $20 million.

14. Rough Riders/San Juan Hill Most famous unit that fought in the Spanish-American war. First Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt (who had previously held the position of Assistant Sec. of State) “Won” the battle of San Juan Hill, which really didn’t have much effect on the outcome of the war. Became famous because of Roosevelt’s writing and reenactments that were filmed years later.

15. Philippines Is lost by the Spanish to the U.S during the Spanish-American War Many Filipinos were interested in fighting for their independence instead of being under continued colonial control. Philippine-American War lasted from 1899-1902 and was lead by Emilio Aguinaldo. 4,200 Americans died, 20,000 Filipino fighters died and over 200,000 Filipino civilians died.

16. Anti-Imperialist League Formed in the summer of 1898 in response to the U.S’ proposed annexation of the Philippines. Members gave a variety of reasons against imperialism ranging from legal, racial and moral. Most notable members included: Andrew Carnegie and Mark Twain. The League really fell apart after the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1898 ending the war with Spain

18. Map of U.S Expansion

19. William McKinley Republican, became President during the depression of 1893. Bowed to the pressure from the public and from Congress to intervene in Cuba and go to war against the Spanish. Responsible for spreading U.S imperialism and annexing several territories. Was shot in 1901 by a deranged anarchist and died 8 days later.

20. President William McKinley

21. Theodore Roosevelt • Became president when President McKinley was assassinated. At 42 years old, he was the youngest President in U.S. history. • Progressive reforms: • Conservation and creation of the National Park System • Strong foreign policy: • Intervention in Latin America • Building of the Panama Canal • “Speak softly and carry a big stick…..”

22. Teddy Roosevelt

23. U.S Expanionist Policies What do you remember about these policies??? Big Stick Diplomacy: Dollar Diplomacy: Moral Diplomacy:

25. Panama Canal Under T. Roosevelt, U.S became interested in building a canal through the territory called Panama. Panama was a province of Colombia-the U.S offered to buy the land from Colombia and were refused. The U.S supported Panamanian independence movements and in 1903 Panama was free. The newly established government promptly gave the U.S the land needed for the canal. Built from 1909-1914 Thousands of workers died from yellow fever and other diseases while building the canal. The U.S. would pay Panama $10 million each year for use of the canal.

27. Platt Amendment • Written in 1901 (as an amendment to an army appropriations bill) • Established the terms under which the U.S. would end it’s military occupation of Cuba-which it had begun in 1898 during the Spanish-American War. • “Leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people”. • Cubans had to agree to 8 conditions before withdrawl would begin. • Perpetual lease of Guantanamo Bay • U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuban affairs in order to defend Cuban independence.

28. Roosevelt Corollary • President T Roosevelt’s assertive approach to Latin America. • Known as “Big Stick” diplomacy • Attached the Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1823, which asked Europe to stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere). • Roosevelt’s Corollary states that intervention can be used by the U.S. to ensure stability in the Americas. • The U.S. will use this policy as justification for interventions in Cuba (again), Nicaragua, Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

29. Annexation of Hawaii President McKinley used the Spanish-American war as a pretext to annex the independent nation of Hawaii. American residents lead a coup against Queen Liliuokalani and established a new government. U.S. supported the annexation of the territory as a positive for the economy and as a strategic base to protect U.S. interests in Asia. Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory on August 12, 1898

30. Queen Liliuokalani • Last sovereign queen of Hawaii, came to power in 1891, when her older brother died in San Francisco. • Under the Hawaiian constitution, Liliuokalani had little power, she attempted to form several cabinets with no success. • On Jan. 17, 1893, Pro-American forces overthrew the queen and proclaimed a provisional government with Sanford B. Dole as President. • Have you heard of the Dole Fruit Company? They had large pineapple and sugar plantations on the Hawaiian Islands. • Liliuokalani was forced to surrender her crown, but made a plea to the U.S. government for help. • Hawaiians planned an uprising, which didn’t work in 1895 and Liliuokalani was put in prison for almost a year (Dole believed she had encouraged the uprising). • While in prison, she wrote the beloved song “Aloha Oe” (Farewell to Thee).

32. Sanford B. Dole

34. Open Door Policy • Referred to involvement in China: specifically equal opportunity for international trade and commerce. • Also to lessen the hold that Britain had historically had on the commerce in China. • U.S. announced that it fully intended to use military force to defend the Western Hemisphere again European incursions. • The U.S. now had a large overseas military presence and had acquired colonies in the Caribbean and in the Pacific and had interest in trade with Asia.

35. Boxer Rebellion Beginning in 1898, groups of Northern Chinese peasants began to form a group which would come to be called Righteous and Harmonious Fists (or “Boxers” by the West) At first their goal was to get rid of the corrupt Qing Dynasty which had ruled China for 250 years. When the empress supported the Boxers, their goal became to get rid of all foreign/Western influence in China. In 1899, an international force was created to protect foreign investments and to put down the rebellion. By August of 1900, Beijing the capital was captured and rebellion was over. Outside countries retained their control in China.

40. Discuss……. Why did the U.S. seek a course for global expansionism (or imperialism)? In what way does Social Darwinism and U.S. Exceptionalism play a role in these actions?