10 th Lesson

1. 10th Lesson By Christos N. Hadjichristidis

2. Today’s Attractions • “ὄφελον ψυχρὸς ἦς ἢ ζεστός. Οὕτως ὅτι χλιαρὸς εἶ, καὶ οὔτε ζεστὸς οὔτε ψυχρός, μέλλω σε ἐμέσαι ἐκ τοῦ στόματός μου.” (I would thou wert cold or hot. So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth ) ST. JOHN'S REVELATION -3 • Review of the Similarities & Differences between Greek and English Grammar. Put it all together! • Review on Greek language basic features • Asking what’s on the menu and ordering Greek food and drink • Telling the time in Greek • Asking about public transport, finding out travel times and checking travel details • Watch a relevant movie in Greek • Practise ordering Greek food & drinks at ‘Simply Greek’!

4. The stress-mark • The stress mark (΄) is used, in every word with more than one syllable (with few exceptions), to show the primary or main stressed syllable in the word. • Some simple rules: 1. The stress mark always falls on one of the vowels and never on a consonant 2. The stress mark is placed over the appropriate vowel if lower-case, and beside it if upper-case: ά but Ά, έ but Έ, ή but Ή, ί but Ί, ό but Ό,ύ but Ύ 3. If a word is entirely in upper-case letters, the stress accent is omitted altogether.However, if a word stars with upper-case letter and lower-case letters follow then a stressed mark is required i.e.: Έξοδος but ΕΞΟΔΟΣ (Exit) Be careful sometimes the meaning of otherwise identical words is determined the position of the stress-mark i.e.: Ο γέρος = The old man, but γερός = robust, able bodied

5. Some useful observations • In modern Greek all ο’s and ι’s have exactly the same pronunciation : • So why bother with so many different ο’s & ι’s ? • Well this has not always been the case. Indeed, in Ancient Greek each letter was pronounced differently : ( η as the French ê in ‘tête’, υ as short French u in ‘lune’, while ω as aw in ‘saw’ or long o in ‘go’). In order to both preserve the beauty of the Greek Language and be able to trace modern words back to their ancient origins, we keep the different ι’s and ο’s even though we pronounce them in exactly the same way.

6. Greek-English differences • Consistency between spelling & pronunciation of the Greek letters. Contrary to popular belief Greek is not a difficult language to speak, particularly at the beginners level. Unlike English, the same letter or combination of letters, is pronounced in exactly the same way wherever it occurs.

7. Two letter vowels (diphthongs)

8. Two letter vowels (diphthongs)

9. Double-vowels are pronounced separately if: • A diaeresis diacritic (i.e.: “¨”) falls upon the second of the two adjacent vowels (i.e.: γαϊδάρου “donkey” [gen.]). • An accent falls upon the first of the two adjacent vowels (i.e.: γάιδαρος “donkey [nom]). However, if the accent falls upon the second of the two adjacent vowels then a diaeresis is needed in order for the vowels to be pronounced separately! (i.e.: καΐκι [wooden boat, ketch]).

10. Let’s Practice – try to pronounce the following words

11. Two-letters consonants(double sounds)

12. Some useful observations • In Greek a noun (i.e.: the word Canadian in the phrase I am Canadian) has to be written differently when it denotes different gender: • Είμαι Καναδός– I am Canadian (man) • Είμαι Καναδέζα – I am Canadian (woman) • That means that Greek nouns are inflected for gender • In Greek a noun has to be written also differently when is being used as an object than as a subject: • Είμαι από τον Καναδά – I am from Canada • Ο Καναδάς είναι η πατρίδα μου – Canada is my homeland • That means that Greek nouns are inflected for case also • In Greek a noun is almost always preceded by an article (the). The noun and the preceding article have to agree in gender, case and number.

13. Differences between Greek-English languages continued.. • In Greek almost all words within a noun phrase (noun, article, adjective, pronoun) are declinable in gender, number and case. In English this happens only with the pronouns! • She went to the store. The clerk greeted her and handed over a small package. The new camera was hers at last! • Moreover, within a noun phrase all other declinable words must agree with the noun in gender, number and case.

14. How on Earth we can guess the gender of a given Greek noun? Some tips: • All masculine nouns (nominative/singular) end in “ς” • Almost all feminine nouns end in either “α or η” • Most neuter nouns end in “ο, ι, or μα” • Of course, there are exceptions, and there are those words ending in “ος”, which can be of any gender.

15. Differences between Greek- English • The normal order of a sentence in Greek is like that in English: subject, verb, object. There is no special tendency as in Latin to put the verb at the end. However, Greek can vary the order for purposes of emphasis or euphony much more freely than in English. For example: Ο Χρήστος κυνηγάει τη Μαρία but also Tη Μαρία κυνηγάει ο Χρήστος. (Christos chases Mary). • Thus, when you translate from Greek you have to concentrate at the case of the noun (illustrated by its inflectional ending) rather than its order within the sentence.

16. Differences between Greek- English • You will be pleased to know that to ask questions in Greek there are no changes in word order as in English , such as you are – are you?, or the addition of extra words (you love me – do you love me?). • You just have to remember that the pitch of your voice goes up: • Eίσαι Ιρλανδός means you are Irish when the pitch of your voice goes down at the end and are you Irish? when the pitch of your voice goes up at the end

17. Personal Pronouns • Personal pronouns (I, you, he, they) are used to refer to the three grammatical persons and are also part of the English verbs since they define who is doing or receiving the action. Even though Greek has equivalent corresponding words they are normally left out and mostly used only for emphasis (i.e.: Εσύ, τι κάνεις εδώ; You [and nobody else!], what are you doing here;)

18. Differences between Greek- English • While in English the personal pronoun is always used together with the verb in order to distinguish the person that it is referring to, in Greek this is not necessary. The ending of the verb itself differs from the first person to the second and so on, and this indicates whether the speaker is referring to himself or herself, or to another person or persons:

19. Asking for something in a shop

20. Saying how much you want

21. Saying how much you want …

22. Asking how much it costs? • Πόσο κάνει/κοστίζει αυτό; (poso kani/ kostizi afto?) • How much is it? • Κάνει / κοστίζει 6 ευρώ (kani exi evro) • It’s 6 euros • Πόσο κάνουν(ε) / κοστίζουν αυτά (poso kanune/ kostizoon afta?) • How much are they? • Κάνουν(ε) / κοστίζουν 8 ευρώ και 50 λεπτά (kanune ochto evro ke peninda lepta) • They are 8 euros and 50.

23. Money matters! * The current (20/06/2005) exchange rate is 1.00 EUR = 0.667 GBP or 1 GBP = 1.499 EUR

24. Telling the time in Greek • Telling the time is not difficult. You just have to remember that in Greek we put first the hour and then the minutes: • ten (minutes) past five • Πέντε και δέκα (λεπτά) • When telling the time, the numbers 1,3,4 change to: 1-> μία, 3 -> τρεις, 4 -> τέσσερις

25. Essential ‘telling the time’ Vocabulary

26. Asking for the time

27. Καλό ταξίδι (Bon voyage) – Means of transportation

28. Finding out travel times

29. Buying Tickets

30. Learner A gives the prompts by starting the dialogue and learner B has to choose which of the responses on his/her card is appropriate. € 35

31. Καλή όρεξη • The waiter might say:

32. Καλή όρεξη • You might say:

33. Places to eat

34. Understanding a Greek menu

35. Ορεκτικά

36. Ορεκτικά

37. Της Ώρας

38. Κιμάδες (minced meat dishes)

39. Σαλάτες

40. Try to repeat and translate the following dialogue Waiter: Καλημέρα σας You: Γεια σας. Τον κατάλογο παρακαλώ Waiter: Ορίστε. Τι θα πιείτε; You: Ένα μπουκάλι κόκκινο κρασί, δυο μπύρες, ένα καραφάκι ούζο και ένα μπουκάλι εμφιαλωμένο νερό παρακαλώ. Waiter:Μάλιστα, τι θα φάτε; You: Μία τονοσαλάτα, ένα μουσακά, μία γίγαντες και δύο σουβλάκια παρακαλώ Waiter:Αμέσως ………….. Ορίστε, καλή όρεξη …….. After the meal …….. You: Να σας πληρώσω; Waiter:Μάλιστα. Πενήντα τέσσερα ευρώ παρακαλώ You: Ορίστε εξήντα. Κρατήστε τα ρέστα. ‘Ήταν πολύ νόστιμα Waiter:Σας ευχαριστώ πολύ. Γεια σας.