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REMEMBER !

REMEMBER !. PLACEMENT TEST per i ritardatari contattate dott’ssa Eade: ceade@libero.it RICEVIMENTO BOWLES Lunedi 10-11, Venerdi 14-15 DIDATTICA WEB Lingua Inglese 1 LLEM “Files” e “Comunicazioni”. What you need to pass the exam if you are attending classes.

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REMEMBER !

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  1. REMEMBER ! PLACEMENT TEST per i ritardatari contattate dott’ssa Eade: ceade@libero.it RICEVIMENTO BOWLES Lunedi 10-11, Venerdi 14-15 DIDATTICA WEB Lingua Inglese 1 LLEM “Files” e “Comunicazioni”

  2. What you need to pass the exam if you are attending classes Material from “Files” (handout, powerpoint, documents, summaries) Website Regular study and practice every week

  3. What you need to pass the exam if you are NOT attending classes Material from “Files” (handout, powerpoint, documents, summaries) Website Regular practice every week Books in bibliography

  4. Bibliography (if you need to understand further/better) Roach, P. English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge University Press Carstairs-McCarthy A., An introduction to English morphology. Edinburgh University Press Thomas, L. Beginning Syntax. Blackwell.

  5. What you will find in the exam Written exam Questions on each lesson - 50% phonetics/phonology - 20% syntax - 30% morphology

  6. 2010-11 LINGUA INGLESE 1 modulo A/BIntroduction to English Linguistics mod.Bprof. Hugo Bowles Lesson 3 Morphology

  7. Structure of Spoken Language (from Crystal 1997) Pragmatics Use Structure Medium of Transmission Grammar Meaning (semantics) Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Lexicon Discourse

  8. Morphology • The study of the structure of words • or • how to analyse “elephant” and “supercalifrgilisticexpialidocios”

  9. How are they related? Grammar Syntax Morphology

  10. CLASSIFYING GRAMMAR

  11. CLASSIFYING MORPHOLOGY

  12. THE OVERALL PICTURE

  13. simple and complex words Morphology helps you to distinguish between simple and complex words. This lesson aims to help you do morpheme analysis so that you can divide words into their constituent parts

  14. Morphemes • a morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function • distinction between free morphemes and bound morphemes

  15. Free morphemes • can stand by themselves as a single word e.g. grace • can be lexical (e.g. boy,elephant) or functional (e.g. and, but) So a simple word is made up of one free morpheme

  16. Boundmorphemes • cannot stand alone but need to be “bound” to another morpheme, e.g. re-, -ful • prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes

  17. Terminologyboy, yes, elephant • simple words • base forms • roots

  18. Simple or complex? Website exercise

  19. Identify core morphemes Website exercise

  20. Find the roots the following words • unwholesome • whole • rulership • rule • underdeveloped • develop • overachiever • achieve • operational • operate • indispensable • dispense

  21. PREFIXESe.g. un-, de-, super- • meaningful elements • come BEFORE base form • lexical role – allow for the construction of a large number of new words

  22. SUFFIXESe.g. –ness, -ed, -er • meaningful elements • 2 types of suffix: DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL

  23. DEFINING SUFFIXES

  24. INFLECTION OF PLURAL

  25. INFLECTION OF VERBS

  26. Two methods Dividing by hyphens Two methods can be used to represent morpheme analysis: - - Using a tree diagram

  27. Mehtod 1 – Dividing by hyphens Dividing by hyphens (trattini) is the simplest and easiest method for doing morphological analysis. How do you do it?

  28. Step 1 – Find the root ! teach No root ! It’s a base form truth The root of the word is the base form towhich other bound morphemes are attached. Where is the root in: - teacher - paper - truthfulness

  29. Find the roots the following words • unwholesome • whole • rulership • rule • underdeveloped • develop • overachiever • achieve • operational • operate • indispensable • dispense

  30. STEP 2 – Divide the bound morphemes from the root with a hyphen root = + bound morpheme = + bound morpheme = e.g. truthfulness truth truth -ful truth-ful -ness truthful truth-ful-ness Answer = truth-ful-ness

  31. Can you divide these words with hyphens? • Colourful • Happiness • Unbelievable • Teacher • Monster • Rattlesnake colour-ful happi-ness un-believ-able teach-er monster rattle-snake

  32. Method 2 – tree diagram This involves dividing the word in terms of the grammatical functions of the morphemes and representing it as a tree. This is more difficult !

  33. step 1 – divide the word using hyphens truth-ful-ness truthfulness

  34. step 2 – extract the words that are created by the morphemes In the single word truthfulness we have actually found three words: truthfulness truthful truth (root) What is the grammatical function of these words?

  35. step 3 – analyse the grammar of each word noun (N) adjective (A) noun (N) In the single word truthfulness we have actually found three words: truthfulness truthful truth (root) What is the grammatical function of these words?

  36. step 4 – start the tree from the root - - Write the word at the bottom Attach the grammatical category of the root to the root N truth-ful-ness

  37. step 5 – attach the grammatical category of the next word truth – ful - ness A N

  38. step 6 – attach the grammatical category of the next word truth – ful - ness N A N

  39. Another examplespecification Step 1 – divide the word using hyphens specificationspecif-ic-ation

  40. step 2 – extract the words specification specific specify (root)

  41. step 2 – extract the words specification specific specify (root)

  42. step 3 – analyse the grammar specification (N) specific (A) specify (root) (V)

  43. step 4 – start from the root V specif - ic - ation

  44. step 5 – add the next category A V specif - ic - ation

  45. Step 6 – add the next category N A V specif - ic - ation

  46. The structure is not always like this • The structure of the tree will depend on how the word has been morphologically constructed. Sometimes the root is in the middle of the word or at the end of the word. This will change the structure of the tree. • Let’s try unwholesome

  47. step 1 – divide the word un-whole-some

  48. step 2 – extract the words unwholesome wholesome whole (root)

  49. step 3 – analyse the grammar unwholesome (A) wholesome (A) whole (root) (A)

  50. step 4 – start from the root A un – whole - some

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