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Chapter 12 Tobacco

Tobacco Use: Scope of the Problem. Cigarette smoking is the major, most pre-ventable cause of disease and premature death in the U.S. 1192 deaths a day and 435,000 annually related to cigarette smoking One in four regular smokers will eventually die from tobacco use Nicotine dependency is

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Chapter 12 Tobacco

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    1. Chapter 12 Tobacco

    2. Tobacco Use: Scope of the Problem Cigarette smoking is the major, most pre- ventable cause of disease and premature death in the U.S. 1192 deaths a day and 435,000 annually related to cigarette smoking One in four regular smokers will eventually die from tobacco use Nicotine dependency is the most common form of drug addiction

    3. Current tobacco use In 1995, 61 million Americans smoked cigarettes This represents 29 % among the U.S. population age 12 and older An additional 6.9 million Americans use smokeless tobacco This represents 3.3% of the population

    4. Current tobacco use From 1965 to 1993, smoking among adults decreased from 42% to 25% The average age of people who began daily cigarette use was 19.1 years in 1993 The average age of people who began daily cigarette use was 16.8 years in 1995 Since 1956, the amount of leaf tobacco in a cigarette has declined by approximately 25%

    5. Modern government regulation 1964 - the Advisory Committee to the U.S. Surgeon General reported that cigarette smoking is related to lung cancer 1965 - Congress passed legislation setting up the National Clearinghouse of Smoking and Health Since 1970 - all cigarette packages and cartons have had to carry a warning label

    6. Pharmacology of nicotine Nicotine is the substance in tobacco that causes dependence It is a colorless, highly volatile liquid alkaloid It initially stimulates and then depresses the nervous system

    7. Pharmacology of nicotine Amount of tobacco absorbed depends on: Exact composition of tobacco How densely the tobacco is packed Length of the cigarette smoked Whether a filter is used and characteristic of filter The volume of smoke inhaled The number of cigarettes smoked

    8. Physiological effects In large doses, nicotine is highly toxic Symptoms of nicotine poisoning Sweating, vomiting, mental confusion, diminished pulse rate, and breathing difficulty Respiratory failure Stimulus effect - release of norepinephrine Depression - caused by blocked nerve activity Stimulates CVS - by releasing of epinephrine

    9. A costly addiction Q. How many packages of cigarettes are purchased annually in the U.S.? A. 24 billion Q. Approximately how many deaths are attributed to cigarette smoking each year? A. 400,000 Q. In 1993, smoking-attributable costs for medical care reached ? billion. A. $50 billion

    10. Mortality Rates About 10 million people in the U.S. have died from causes attributed to smoking since the Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health in 1964. The risk of premature death is significantly higher (70%) for cigarette smokers than for nonsmokers. A 35-year-old male who smokes two packs a day has a life expectancy that is 8.1 years shorter than his nonsmoking counterpart.

    11. Deaths attributable to cigarette smoking:1990

    12. Comparative causes of annual deaths in the U.S.: 1990

    13. Men and women who smoke have more chronic illnesses, including: - emphysema & bronchitis - cardiovascular disease - cancer - bronchopulmonary disease Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Chronic illnesses and smoking

    14. Tobacco use without smoking How safe are smokeless tobacco products compared with cigarettes? One pinch of snuff has effects equivalent to those derived from smoking 3 to 4 cigarettes

    15. Secondhand and sidestream smoke Mainstream smoke - smoke drawn through the mouthpiece of the cigarette Sidestream smoke - smoke released into the air directly from the lighted tip of a cigarette Passive smoking - nonsmokers’ inhalation of tobacco smoke Environmental tobacco smoke - sidestream smoke and exhaled mainstream smoke that is inhaled by the passive smoker

    16. Who smokes? In 1994, estimated 60 million Americans This is 29% of population age 12 and older Approximately 4.5 million youths aged 12- 17 This is about 20% of this population 18-25-year-old age group has the highest rate of smokers (35%) Whites have the highest past-month smoking rate (29.7%), blacks have the 2nd highest (28.1%)

    17. Quitting smoking The primary methods for quitting smoking are: Step-by-step manuals Acupuncture “Cold turkey” techniques Hypnosis Nicotine gum Nicotine patches Self-help with behavioral modification

    18. Social Issues Economic interests Mickey Mouse vs. Joe Camel Tobacco as a gateway drug Smoking prohibition vs. smokers’ rights Smoke-free indoor air Youth access to tobacco Licensing Advertising Taxing cigarettes

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