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Emerging Environmental Challenges for Biofuels Production Elliott Campbell University of California, Merced

EBI, September 24, 2010. Emerging Environmental Challenges for Biofuels Production Elliott Campbell University of California, Merced. Liquid Biofuel. (EPA, 2010). Biopower. (EIA, 2010). Why Bioenergy?. Similarities to current energy system Near-term Cost effective Scalable

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Emerging Environmental Challenges for Biofuels Production Elliott Campbell University of California, Merced

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  1. EBI, September 24, 2010 Emerging Environmental Challenges for Biofuels ProductionElliott Campbell University of California, Merced

  2. Liquid Biofuel (EPA, 2010)

  3. Biopower (EIA, 2010)

  4. Why Bioenergy? • Similarities to current energy system • Near-term • Cost effective • Scalable • Deployable/storable • Carbon-negative potential • Rural economic development • Appropriate technology options for the developing world • Synergies with fossil fuels • Synergies with other renewables • Perhaps better to ask “How?”

  5. Roadmap • Air Quality • Short-Lived Climate Forcers • Land-Use Efficiency

  6. 1) Air Quality

  7. Vehicle Phase Emissions • Ozone increase in LA and northeast offset by decrease in southeast • E85 unlikely to improve air quality • Emissions outside of vehicle phase neglected (Jacobson, ES&T, 2007)

  8. Life-Cycle Emissions • Human health costs ~ Climate change costs • Importance of upstream emissions relative to vehicle emissions (Hill et al., PNAS, 2007)

  9. Sugarcane Ethanol Emissions

  10. Importance of Open Burning

  11. Emissions Currently Underpredicted

  12. Relation to Next-Generation Biofuels • Create a market for sugarcane trash • Emissions from indirect land-use change (Morton et al., GCB, 2008)

  13. 2) Short-Lived Climate Forcers

  14. Short Live Climate Forcers (SLCFs) • Aerosols and Ozone • Atmospheric lifetimes of days to weeks • Cooling and warming properties • Spatial-explicit climate impacts • Black Carbon has 55% of the RF caused by CO2 and a greater forcing than all other SLCFs (Ramanathan and Carmichael, 2008)

  15. (Unger et al., PNAS, 2008)

  16. Need for a Regional Analysis (Naik et al., GRL, 2007)

  17. 3) Land-Use Efficiency

  18. Global Land Use (Campbell et al., ES&T, 2008)

  19. County-Level Abandoned Agriculture (Campbell et al., in prep)

  20. Regional Land Use (Debolt, Campbell, et al., GCB-Bioenergy, 2010)

  21. Carbonyl Sulfide (COS, OCS, CSO) • Source for stratospheric sulfate aerosol. • Important role in stratospheric ozone. • A novel tracer of terrestrial photosynthesis?

  22. Vertical Profiles (Campbell et al., Science, 2008)

  23. Energy Conversion Pathways

  24. Transportation per Cropland Area a) Ethanol b) Bioelectricity (Campbell, Lobell, & Field, Science, 2009)

  25. Conversion Pathways • Advantages to expanding focus to include electricity in addition to liquid fuels • Greater emphasis on jet and tanker fuels • Lignin rich feedstock

  26. Questions for Emerging Issues • Win-win solutions where environmental mitigation results in more bioenergy supply? • E.g. Sugarcane burning vs. second-generation fuels • SLCFs incorporated in mandated GHG thresholds? • International leakage of air quality impacts? • Abandoned lands and other alternative land resources?

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