Campaign Planning Process

1. Campaign Planning Process Step 4A – Develop The Campaign Framework 28 March 2006 UNCLASSIFIED

2. Learning Objectives This module will cover Step 4A of the Campaign Planning Process. • Aim of Step: • Describe the overarching campaign framework in terms of the conditions (Decisive Points [DPs]) that need to be recognized in order to achieve the operational end state. • Starting Conditions: • CCTF has approved the S–COG & confirmed the operational end state. • C5 PLANS and CTF staff have gained a broad understanding of the crisis environment, desired end state, and S-COG. • CTF Staff have completed the factor analysis. • CTF Components have started their own analysis of their tactical environment.

3. Learning Objectives • Basic Process: • C5 PLANS convenes a Campaign Framework Development OPT • OPT consists of select CPG members & can include selected IA (civil governmental & UN / IO’s / NGO’s) personnel, if information classification allows. • The OPT constructs a set of high level conditions (Decisive Points) that complement each other & need to be recognized / influenced in order to bring about the desired Operational End State.

4. Learning Objectives • Basic Process: • DPs are conceptually grouped (into categories / themes / functions) & linked (within the groups) in terms of relationships, time, space, & / or purpose, into Lines of Operation, to depict their contribution toward achieving the Operational End State. • A visual depiction of the Lines of Operation (with DPs shown in the lines) is called the Campaign Schematic & this represents the visual depiction of the Campaign Framework & used purely as a means of conceptualizing the campaign, • The Campaign Schematic is NOT a “roadmap” of HOW to conduct the campaign.

5. Learning Objectives • Ending Conditions: • The Operational Framework is developed and represented in a visual depiction (Campaign Schematic). • The CCTF & staff are briefed on the updated factor analysis & the broad description of the Campaign Framework. • The Campaign Framework is approved by the CCTF. • End Product of the Step:None

6. Preliminary Notes • Definitions: • DECISIVE POINT (DP): A condition that needs to be recognized or influenced in the operational environment in order to bring about the desired operational end state. • LINES OF OPERATION1: • Conceptual lines linking DPs in terms of relationships, time, space, & / or purpose; • Describe the theme of grouped DPs that together, when influenced or met, contribute toward achievement of a significant part of the Operational End State. Note 1: While all lines link DPs to the Operational End State, not all lines run through the Operational S-COG.

7. Preliminary Notes • Systems Approach – S-COG & DPs: • Since DPs are derived from the Operational S-COG, and the S-COG is based on the entire system (not just military COGs), then DPs may also be conditions that do not exclusively require military action to be influenced. • Some conditions may require military support to, or from, or cooperation with, other operational actors & stakeholders (i.e., non-military).

8. Step 4A – Develop the Campaign FrameworkPreliminary Action • C5 PLANS organizes a “Campaign Framework Development OPT” out of the C5 CPG members. • Should be small group (10 – 15 personnel) • OPT members need to bring in their respective factor analysis to this OPT for reference and use. • The appropriate IA (civil governmental & UN / IO’s / NGO’s) representatives are also included in this OPT, if information classification allows.

9. Step 4A – Develop the Campaign FrameworkMain Actions • The OPT constructs a set of high level conditions (DPs – Effects Statements). • These conditions complement one another & need to be recognized / influenced in the operational environment in order to bring about the desired operational end-state. • The primary source for the derivation of DPs (conditions) is the S-COG analysis. • With an understanding of the operational environment to this point1, the S-COG is analyzed to identify CCs, CRs, & CVs. • Since Critical Vulnerabilities (CVs) are subject to be influenced, they are the primary source of DPs (conditions to be recognized / influenced) to achieve the Operational End State. • Some DPs may be derived outside of S-COG Analysis. Note 1: “Understanding” of the crisis has been achieved via the Situation Review (OIPE) & Problem Identification & Analysis (Mission Analysis, S-COG Analysis, & Evaluation of Factors).

10. Step 4A – Develop the Campaign Framework Main Actions Note: The Operational S-COG is normally “nested” within the Strategic S-COG as one of Critical Requirements (CRs) – or closely associated with Strategic S-COG. Strategic Systems COG (S-COG) – identified by Supported Strategic Commander (with support of CCTF as required or desired) Critical Capability (CC) Critical Requirement (CR) Critical Vulnerability (CV) 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 Operational Systems COG (S-COG) – identified by CCTF CC CR CV 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 POINTS OF INFLUENCE (Potential DPs) Note: CVs are further assessed in order to identify how they may be influenced in order to affect the environment to achieve the Operational End State. Some DPs may be identified based on CVs.

11. DP 6 - Rapid Response Capability is Established DP 5 - Local Institutions are Functioning Effectively DP 7 - Deterrent Posture is Established DP 1 - Yamani Federation Cohesion is Strengthened DP 8 - Terrorist Sanctuary and Freedom of Maneuver is Restricted DP 4 - Central Government’s Regional Influence is Reinforced DP 3 - JAF Capability is Enhanced DP 2 - External Aggression is Deterred Step 4A – Develop the Campaign Framework Main Actions DPs – Conditions that need to be recognized or influenced in the operational environment in order to bring about the desired operational end state. Operational End State S-COG – That element of a system that provides the most potential to exert its influence on all component parts of the system in bringing about a particular end-state. Operational S-COG “Rule of Law” Crisis

12. Step 4A – Develop the Campaign FrameworkMain Actions • Once the DPs are identified, they are conceptually grouped (into categories / themes / functions) • The DPs are then linked (within the groups) in terms of relationships, time, space, & / or purpose into Lines of Operation, to depict their contribution toward achieving the Operational End State. • The Lines of Operation do NOT necessarily depict sequence or critical path arrangements.

13. Step 4A – Develop the Campaign FrameworkMain Actions • A visual depiction of the Lines of Operation, with DPs shown in the lines, is called the Campaign Schematic (a visual depiction of the Campaign Framework). • The relationships between the Lines of Operation & DPs run throughout the Campaign and may or may not be influenced solely by military actions. • No phases are identified at this time since the Lines of Operation are not sequentially oriented (if phases are to be used, they are identified later in the planning process).

14. Lines of Operations, Decisive Points (DPs) and S-COG And Operational End States (Campaign Schematic) DP 6 Rapid Response Capability is Established DP 5 Local Institutions are Functioning Effectively OpEndstate DP 4 Central Government’s Regional Influence is Reinforced DP 7 Deterrent Posture is Established DP 9 External Aggression is Deterred DP 10 Yamani Federation Cohesion is Strengthened DP 8 Bani Yam / Bakil Tribal Linkages are Enhanced DP 11 Muhsin’s Credibility is Enhanced (Strategic DP) DP 3 JAF Capability is Enhanced DP 2 Terrorist Sanctuary and Freedom of Maneuver is Restricted DP 1 External Aggression is Defeated Enduring Themes: Influence Enhance Coerce Lines DO NOT necessarily relate to time or critical path; rather represents a “relationships diagram” of conditions that needs to be recognized / influenced in the operational environment in order to bring about the desired operational end state.

15. Step 4A – Develop the Campaign FrameworkMain Actions • Each DP will be accompanied by a DP paragraph defining its primary condition, intent, & supporting factors. • The DP can be generic at first (e.g. “The cease-fire is maintained”) but will be further refined in following planning steps. • The DP paragraph is supported by the following factors: • Ending conditions • Key Components of the DP • What is critical to successful DP achievement? • This ensures a clear multinational communication basis is present for each DP.

16. Step 4A – Develop the Campaign FrameworkMain Actions

17. Step 4A – Develop the Campaign FrameworkMain Actions • C5 PLANS develops a backbrief once the Campaign Framework has been developed. • This is a decision brief to the CCTF (also attended by the NCEs, CTF staff, & CTF Component Commanders). • Major IA [civil governmental & UN / IO’s / NGO’s] with “a need to know” & clearance should be included. • The backbrief brings together the two parallel strands of planning activity: • The Command Group’s conceptual actions & the Staff’s Factor Analysis. • The backbrief is designed to increase the CTF HQ and Components’ knowledge of the work that individual CTF staff branches have been doing.

18. Summary • DPs are derived from the Operational S-COG. • The S-COG is based on the entire system (not just military COGs). • DPs may also be conditions that do not exclusively require military action to be influenced. • Some conditions may require military support to / from / in cooperation with other actors / stakeholders. • This is a KEY advantage over traditional Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP) • MDMP is a military “task oriented” approach to planning. • Whereas a “systems-based” approach recognizes & incorporates all actors / stakeholders, and non-military aspects of the crisis by design.

19. Strategic Military Direction (HHQ Warning Order to JTF / CTF) Msn Analysis OIPE WARNO 2 WARNO 1 Steps 1 to 3 30% 50% 20% Steps 4 & 5 Steps 6 & 7 CTF Staff Command Group CTF Components 1 – Commander’s Scoping 2 – Situation Review 3A – Mission Analysis 3C – Factor Analysis CTF Component Analysis 3B – S-COG Analysis 4A – Develop the Campaign Framework

20. Summary • Lines of Operation & DPs are not sequential road maps – rather, they are a graphic representation of how the environment has to change (be influenced) to arrive a the desired Operational End State. • The development of the Campaign Framework provides an enduring foundation from which planning can be based. • The Campaign Framework can change if there is a MAJOR change to the strategic / operational environment. However, well developed Campaigns with early-on branches / sequel identification based upon the OIPE will minimize such changes. Do NOT focus on “tasks” nor on military conditions alone – focus on the primary conditions (considering all actors / stakeholders / facets) that must be recognized / influenced to arrive at the desired operational end state.

21. Quiz

22. Discussion UNCLASSIFIED