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The “Roaring Twenties”

The Post War Years. The “Roaring Twenties”. The Great Depression. Post war Problems:. Germany - 1. Unhappy w/ Treaty of Versailles 2. Major Inflation of German $$$ 3. Dawes Plan - reduced reparations & provided $200 million loan The United States -

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The “Roaring Twenties”

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  1. The Post War Years The “Roaring Twenties” The Great Depression

  2. Post war Problems: • Germany- 1. Unhappy w/ Treaty of Versailles 2. Major Inflation of German $$$ 3. Dawes Plan- reduced reparations & provided $200 million loan • The United States- 1. Failed to join League of Nations • France- 1. Wanted strict enforcement of Treaty 2. Occupied Ruhr Valley for $$$

  3. German Inflation • Owed $33 Billion • Only made 1 payment in 1921 • Workers strike • German Mark loses value: • 1914 - 4.2 marks = $1 U.S. • 1923 - 130 billion marks = $1 U.S. • 1924 - 4.2 trillion marks = $1 U.S.

  4. The Treaty of Locarno • 1925 • “New Era of Peace” • Guaranteed German borders w/ France & Belgium 1926 Germany joins League of Nations Kellogg-Brand Pact • 1928 • Signed by 63 Nations • Agreement to renounce War

  5. The Depression A period of low economic activity & rising unemployment Two Factors: Overproduction & Economic downturn in mid 1920’s International Financial Crisis including U.S. Stock Market Crash of 1929 Crisis Spreads Caused people to pull $$ from U.S. Banks, then International Banks

  6. Response to Depression • 1932 - Worst year of the Depression • 1/4 of British Unemployed • 40% of Germans Unemployed • Increased Govt. activity in Economy Lowered wages & raised tariffs - made it worse!!! • Renewed Marxist Ideas • Increased rise of dictators

  7. Germany • Weimar Republic created 1918 • Paul von Hindenburg - President • 1930 Depression sets in • 4.38 million unemployed • Inflation rises

  8. The Weimar Republic 1918

  9. France New European SUPERPOWER! • Needs to Rebuild • 1932 Depression hits • Form 6 cabinets in 19 months • 1936Popular Front Govt. forms • French “New Deal” -based on U.S. • “Collective Bargaining” • 40 hour work week • Vacation time • Minimum wage • 1938 Low confidence in French Government

  10. Great Britain • Lost industries to U.S. & Japan • Coal, Steel, & Textiles • 1921 - 2 Million Britons Unemployed • John Maynard Keynes - British Economist • Encouraged deficit spending

  11. The United States Franklin D. Roosevelt 1920’s - “Roaring Twenties” • October 29, 1929 “Black Tuesday” • Stock Market Crashes • 1933 - 12 million Unemployed • 1932 - F.D.R. Elected President • “New Deal” • WPA employed 3 million Americans • 1935 Social Security Act

  12. New Deal Programs • TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority • CWA - Civil Works Administration • FEMA - Federal Emergency Relief Administration • NYA - National Youth Administration • NIRA - National Industrial Recovery Act • SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission • Emergency Banking Act • FERA - Federal Emergency Relief Administration • CCC - Civilian Conservation Corps • PWA - Public Works Administration • WPA - Works Progress Administration • RA - Resettlement Administration • FSA - Farm Security Administration • NRA - National Recovery Association • AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Act • FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation • REA- Rural Electrification Administration

  13. The Rise of Dictators • Totalitarian State- Government which aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual & cultural lives of its citizens. • single leader & single party • mass propaganda & communication • Reject limited govt. & individual freedoms Germany Russia Italy Spain

  14. Italy Ruled by King Victor Emmanuel III • Economic Problems: • Inflation, Industrial & Agricultural strikes • Fear of a Socialist Revolution • Fascism- the State is above all & controls the people • Benito Mussolini- First Fascist leader in Europe • “Il Duce” or “The Leader” • 1922- becomes PM of Italy

  15. Pope Pius XI • 1929- Lateran Accords • Vatican City Independent • Catholicism official “Religion of State” • $$ given to support Fascism

  16. Fascist Italy • “Blackshirts” armed fascists • OVRA- secret police group • Propaganda • Youth Groups • Family centered

  17. The Soviet Union • War Communism begins to fail • 1921 Lenin creates New Economic Policy (NEP) • Small business - private ownership • Large Industry- govt. controlled • 1922 U.S.S.R. Created • 1924 Lenin dies Lenin Moseleum

  18. Joseph Stalin • General Secretary of Communists • Rival of Leon Trotsky - Commissar of War • Politburo- Policy making body • Stalin appoints officials loyal to him • Overpowers the Politburo & creates a powerful dictatorship Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky

  19. Stalin’s Programs • 5 Year Plans: • Switch from Agriculture to Industy • Replaced (NEP) • Collectivization- Govt. owns ALL land The Results: • 10 Million+ die of famine • 8 Million+purged from Govt. & Military • Forced Labor Camps in Siberia • Reversed social legislation of 1920’s

  20. Spain • Democracy fails • 1936 Civil War begins • Germany & Italy support fascists • 1939 Gen. Franco captures Madrid • Authoritarian dictatorship favoring upper class 1937 Guernica by Pablo Picasso General Francisco Franco

  21. Adolf Hitler • Born April 20, 1889 in Austria • Art School failure • Served 4 years on front lines of WWI • 1919 joined German Workers Party • 1921 renamed National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) or Nazi Party • 1923 Beer Hall Putsch - Hitler jailed • Mein Kampf- Hitler’s anti-semitic views and plan for a superior nation SA- “Brownshirts”

  22. Nazism • 1929 - 800,000 Nazi members • Reichstag - German Parliament • 1932 - Largest Party in Reichstag Economic Struggles • 1932 - 6 million unemployed • Extremists more attractive • Hitler promised a New Germany 1933-Reichstag Fire

  23. The Nazi State 1933-1939 • 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor • 1933Enabling Act- Power to ignore constitution for 4 years • ALL institutions under Nazi control • ALL Jews removed from Civil Service • Trade Unions dissolved • Political Parties abolished • Concentration Camps set up • 1934President Hindenburg dies • Hitler now Dictator AKA “Fuhrer”

  24. Aryan - Indo-European Language • NOT Ancient Greek, Roman, or “Master” Race • Hitler wanted to create the 3rd Reich • Heirich Himmler- leader of SS • Schutzstaffeln- “SS” used terror & ideology Nuremberg Rally

  25. Nazi Policies • 1935 - Nuremburg Laws: Excluded Jews from citizenship & forbid marriage between Germans & Jews • 1938 - Nov. 9 Kristallnacht “Night of shattered Glass” • 7,000 Jewish synagogues & business destroyed • 30,000 Jewish males arrested • 1941 - Jews required to wear yellow Stars of David & ID cards • Jews barred from public buildings • Jews encouraged to “emigrate from Germany”

  26. Radio and Movies Leni Riefenstahl • 1920 Radio Broadcasting expands • New form of communication: • Entertainment • News • Advertising Joseph Goebbels • 1939 - 40% adults attend movies weekly • 1934 - “The Triumph of the Will” Nazi Propaganda Film Joseph Goebbels- Nazi Propaganda Minister

  27. Art & Literature Photomontage by Hannah Hoch • Dark & Abstract Art becomes popular • Dada Movement- “life has no purpose” • Surrealism- “world of the unconscious” • Slavador Dali- Spanish Surreal Artist • Germany thought they could create new & genuine art

  28. Literature • 1922- James Joyce writes Ulysses • Inner thoughts of ordinary people of Dublin • 1920’s- Hermann Hesse - German • WritesSiddhartha & Steppenwolf • Confusion of modern existence • Wins Nobel Prize in 1946

  29. Charles Lindbergh - The Spirit of St. Louis

  30. World War II Memorial

  31. World War II Memorial

  32. World War II Memorial

  33. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  34. World War II Memorial

  35. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  36. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  37. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  38. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  39. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  40. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  41. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  42. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

  43. U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

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